# Maximum subarray problem

Visualization of how sub-arrays change based on start and end positions of a sample. Each possible contiguous sub-array is represented by a point on a colored line. That point's y-coordinate represents the sum of the sample. Its x-coordinate represents the end of the sample, and the leftmost point on that colored line represents the start of the sample. In this case, the array from which samples are taken is [2, 3, -1, -20, 5, 10].

In computer science, the maximum subarray problem is the task of finding a contiguous subarray with the largest sum, within a given one-dimensional array A[1...n] of numbers. Formally, the task is to find indices ${\displaystyle i}$ and ${\displaystyle j}$ with ${\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq j\leq n}$, such that the sum

${\displaystyle \sum _{x=i}^{j}A[x]}$

is as large as possible. (Some formulations of the problem also allow the empty subarray to be considered; by convention, the sum of all values of the empty subarray is zero.) Each number in the input array A could be positive, negative, or zero.[1]

For example, for the array of values [−2, 1, −3, 4, −1, 2, 1, −5, 4], the contiguous subarray with the largest sum is [4, −1, 2, 1], with sum 6.

Some properties of this problem are:

1. If the array contains all non-negative numbers, then the problem is trivial; the maximum subarray is the entire array.
2. If the array contains all non-positive numbers, then the solution is the number in the array with the smallest absolute value (or the empty subarray, if it is permitted).
3. Several different sub-arrays may have the same maximum sum.

This problem can be solved using several different algorithmic techniques, including brute force,[2] divide and conquer,[3] dynamic programming,[4] and reduction to shortest paths.[citation needed]

## History

The maximum subarray problem was proposed by Ulf Grenander in 1977 as a simplified model for maximum likelihood estimation of patterns in digitized images.[5]

Grenander was looking to find a rectangular subarray with maximum sum, in a two-dimensional array of real numbers. A brute-force algorithm for the two-dimensional problem runs in O(n6) time; because this was prohibitively slow, Grenander proposed the one-dimensional problem to gain insight into its structure. Grenander derived an algorithm that solves the one-dimensional problem in O(n2) time,[note 1] improving the brute force running time of O(n3). When Michael Shamos heard about the problem, he overnight devised an O(n log n) divide-and-conquer algorithm for it. Soon after, Shamos described the one-dimensional problem and its history at a Carnegie Mellon University seminar attended by Jay Kadane, who designed within a minute an O(n)-time algorithm,[5][6][7] which is clearly as fast as possible. In 1982, David Gries obtained the same O(n)-time algorithm by applying Dijkstra's "standard strategy";[8] in 1989, Richard Bird derived it by purely algebraic manipulation of the brute-force algorithm using the Bird–Meertens formalism.[9]

Grenander's two-dimensional generalization can be solved in O(n3) time either by using Kadane's algorithm as a subroutine, or through a divide-and-conquer approach. Slightly faster algorithms based on distance matrix multiplication have been proposed by Tamaki & Tokuyama (1998) and by Takaoka (2002). There is some evidence that no significantly faster algorithm exists; an algorithm that solves the two-dimensional maximum subarray problem in O(n3−ε) time, for any ε>0, would imply a similarly fast algorithm for the all-pairs shortest paths problem.[10]

## Applications

Maximum subarray algorithms are used for data analysis in many fields, such as genomic sequence analysis, computer vision, and data mining.

Genomic sequence analysis employs maximum subarray algorithms to identify important biological segments of protein sequences and the information for the purpose of predicting outcomes[clarify]. As an example, specific information of a protein sequence can be organized into a linear function which can be used to understand the structure and function of a protein.[clarify] Biologists find this approach to be efficient and easy to analyze their data.[weasel words]

The score-based technique of finding the segment with the highest total sum is used in many problems similar to the MSP. In genomic sequence analysis, these problems include conserved segments, GC-rich regions, tandem repeats, low-complexity filter, DNA binding domains, and regions of high charge.[citation needed]

For computer vision , maximum subarray algorithms are used in bitmap images to detect the highest score subsequence which represents the brightest area in an image. The image is a two dimensional array of positive values that corresponds to the brightness of a pixel. The algorithm is evaluated after normalizing every value in the array by subtracting them from the mean brightness.

Data mining is an application of maximum subarray algorithms with numerical attributes. To understand the role of the maximum subarray problem in data mining it is important to be familiar with the association rule and its parts. The association rule is an if/then statement that creates relationships between unrelated pieces of data. The two parts of the association rule are the antecedent (if statement) and the consequent (then statement). In business applications of data mining, association rules are important in examining and foreseeing customer's actions/behavior. Data mining is used for companies to anticipate common trends, by representing problems with maximum subarray problem into an sub-array to be normalized and solved. The highest result[clarify] of the array will give companies information of what customers are responding well to and will influence the companies' actions as a result.[citation needed]

Kadane's algorithm scans the given array ${\displaystyle A[1...n]}$ from left to right. In the ${\displaystyle j}$th step, it computes the subarray with the largest sum ending at ${\displaystyle j}$; this sum is maintained in variable current_sum.[note 2] Moreover, it computes the subarray with the largest sum anywhere in ${\displaystyle A[1...j]}$, maintained in variable best_sum,[note 3] and easily obtained as the maximum of all values of current_sum seen so far, cf. line 6 of the algorithm.

As a loop invariant, in the ${\displaystyle j}$th step, the old value of current_sum holds the maximum over all ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,j\}}$ of the sum ${\displaystyle A[i]+...+A[j-1]}$.[note 4] Therefore, current_sum${\displaystyle +A[j]}$[note 5] is the maximum over all ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,j\}}$ of the sum ${\displaystyle A[i]+...+A[j]}$. To extend the latter maximum to cover also the case ${\displaystyle i=j+1}$, it is sufficient to consider also the empty subarray ${\displaystyle A[j+1\;...\;j]}$. This is done in line 5 by assigning ${\displaystyle \max(0,}$current_sum${\displaystyle +A[j])}$ as the new value of current_sum, which after that holds the maximum over all ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,j+1\}}$ of the sum ${\displaystyle A[i]+...+A[j]}$.

Thus, the problem can be solved with the following code,[4][7] expressed here in Python:

1 def max_subarray(numbers):
2     """Find a contiguous subarray with the largest sum."""
3     best_sum = 0  # or: float('-inf')
4     current_sum = 0
5     for x in numbers:
6         current_sum = max(0, current_sum + x)
7         best_sum = max(best_sum, current_sum)
8     return best_sum


This version of the algorithm will return 0 if the input contains no positive elements (including when the input is empty). For the variant of the problem which disallows empty subarrays, best_sum should be initialized to negative infinity instead[11] and also in the for loop current_sum should be updated as max(x, current_sum + x).[note 6] In that case, if the input contains no positive element, the returned value is that of the largest element (i.e., the least negative value), or negative infinity if the input was empty.

The algorithm can be modified to keep track of the starting and ending indices of the maximum subarray as well:

 1 def max_subarray(numbers):
2     """Find a contiguous subarray with the largest sum."""
3     best_sum = 0  # or: float('-inf')
4     best_start = best_end = 0  # or: None
5     current_sum = 0
6     for current_end, x in enumerate(numbers):
7         if current_sum <= 0:
8             # Start a new sequence at the current element
9             current_start = current_end
10             current_sum = x
11         else:
12             # Extend the existing sequence with the current element
13             current_sum += x
14
15         if current_sum > best_sum:
16             best_sum = current_sum
17             best_start = current_start
18             best_end = current_end + 1  # the +1 is to make 'best_end' exclusive
19
20     return best_sum, best_start, best_end


In Python, arrays are indexed starting from 0, and the end index is typically excluded, so that the subarray [22, 33] in the array [-11, 22, 33, -44] would start at index 1 and end at index 3.

Because of the way this algorithm uses optimal substructures (the maximum subarray ending at each position is calculated in a simple way from a related but smaller and overlapping subproblem: the maximum subarray ending at the previous position) this algorithm can be viewed as a simple/trivial example of dynamic programming.

The runtime complexity of Kadane's algorithm is ${\displaystyle O(n)}$.[4][7]

## Generalizations

Similar problems may be posed for higher-dimensional arrays, but their solutions are more complicated; see, e.g., Takaoka (2002). Brodal & Jørgensen (2007) showed how to find the k largest subarray sums in a one-dimensional array, in the optimal time bound ${\displaystyle O(n+k)}$.

The Maximum sum k-disjoint subarrays can also be computed in the optimal time bound ${\displaystyle O(n+k)}$ .[12]

## Notes

1. ^ By using a precomputed table of cumulative sums ${\displaystyle S[k]=\sum _{x=1}^{k}A[x]}$ to compute the subarray sum ${\displaystyle \sum _{x=i}^{j}A[x]=S[j]-S[i-1]}$ in constant time
2. ^ named MaxEndingHere in Bentley (1989), and c in Gries (1982)
3. ^ named MaxSoFar in Bentley (1989), and s in Gries (1982)
4. ^ This sum is ${\displaystyle 0}$ when ${\displaystyle i=j}$, corresponding to the empty subarray ${\displaystyle A[j\;...\;j-1]}$.
5. ^ In the Python code, ${\displaystyle A[j]}$ is expressed as x, with the index ${\displaystyle j}$ left implicit.
6. ^ While the latter modification is not mentioned by Bentley (1989), it achieves maintaining the modified loop invariant current_sum${\displaystyle =\max _{i\in \{1,...,j\}}A[i]+...+A[j]}$ at the beginning of the ${\displaystyle j}$th step.

## References

1. ^ Bentley 1989, p. 69.
2. ^ Bentley 1989, p. 70.
3. ^ Bentley 1989, p. 73.
4. ^ a b c Bentley 1989, p. 74.
5. ^ a b
6. ^ Bentley 1989, p. 76-77.
7. ^ a b c Gries 1982, p. 211.
8. ^ Gries 1982, p. 209-211.
9. ^ Bird 1989, Sect.8, p.126.
10. ^
11. ^ Bentley 1989, p. 78,171.
12. ^
• Backurs, Arturs; Dikkala, Nishanth; Tzamos, Christos (2016), "Tight Hardness Results for Maximum Weight Rectangles", Proc. 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming: 81:1–81:13, doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.81
• Bae, Sung Eun (2007), Sequential and Parallel Algorithms for the Generalized Maximum Subarray Problem (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis), University of Canterbury.
• Bengtsson, Fredrik; Chen, Jingsen (2007), Computing maximum-scoring segments optimally (PDF) (Research report), Luleå University of Technology
• Bentley, Jon (1984), "Programming Pearls: Algorithm Design Techniques", Communications of the ACM, 27 (9): 865–873, doi:10.1145/358234.381162
• Bentley, Jon (May 1989), Programming Pearls (2nd? ed.), Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-201-10331-1
• Bird, Richard S. (1989), "Algebraic Identities for Program Calculation" (PDF), The Computer Journal, 32 (2): 122–126, doi:10.1093/comjnl/32.2.122
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• Gries, David (1982), "A Note on the Standard Strategy for Developing Loop Invariants and Loops" (PDF), Science of Computer Programming, 2: 207–241
• Takaoka, Tadao (2002), "Efficient algorithms for the maximum subarray problem by distance matrix multiplication", Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 61: 191–200, doi:10.1016/S1571-0661(04)00313-5.
• Tamaki, Hisao; Tokuyama, Takeshi (1998), "Algorithms for the Maximum Subarray Problem Based on Matrix Multiplication", Proceedings of the 9th Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA): 446–452, retrieved November 17, 2018