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Media coverage of the Israel–Hamas war

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The 2023 Israel–Hamas war has been extensively covered by various media outlets around the world. This coverage has been diverse, spanning from traditional news outlets to various social media platforms, and comprises a wide variety of perspectives and narratives.

Coverage (by type)

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has a designated Spokesperson's Unit which is responsible for the IDF's information policy and deals with the media relations during peace and war time. It serves as a liaison between the military and the domestic and foreign media markets as well as the general public and is a key player for the public diplomacy of Israel.[1][2]

Western media

Mainstream media extensively reported on the conflict, emphasizing the human toll and challenges faced by journalists and news platforms.[3] However, distinguishing fact from fiction proved difficult due to the conflict's intricacies.[4]

The BBC was criticized by journalists[5][6] and the UK Secretary of State for Defence Grant Shapps,[7] for using the term "militants" over "terrorists" to refer to members of Hamas, which the British government considers to be a terrorist organization. The BBC responded with a statement saying that to report objectively, they would not use the term "terrorist" without attribution, and that they had featured contributors who have described Hamas as terrorists.[7][8]

An analysis of BBC coverage by openDemocracy found Palestinian perspectives were "totally absent" from the network's coverage, and that the BBC's coverage regularly described Israeli deaths with words like "murder", "massacre", "atrocity", and "slaughter" but not for Palestinian deaths.[9]

Egyptian comedian television host and surgeon Bassem Youssef who is best known for his satirical comedy was interviewed by Piers Morgan for his Piers Morgan Uncensored show on both October 17 and November 1. The interview in October went viral and garnered at least 17 million views with Youssef pointing out context of the Israel-Palestine conflict, the juxtaposition against the Ukrainian-Russia war and the ongoing Israel-Hamas war often in his satirical humor.[10][11]

Double standards in media coverage

Accusations of double standards in media coverage of conflicts have emerged. Critics[who?] said that Ukraine's right to self-defense is often commended by international leaders, yet the same support is not always extended to Israel's actions in the West Bank and Gaza.[12][13] Jordan's Foreign Minister, Ayman Safadi, has similarly accused the international community of applying "double standards" when it comes to Palestinians.[14]

On 23 November 2023, eight UK-based journalists employed by the BBC wrote to Al Jazeera to register their concern over the double standard of the BBC's coverage of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, contrasting it with the “unflinching” reporting on Russian war crimes in Ukraine. The journalists accused the media corporation of omitting historical context and investing in humanizing Israeli victims while failing to humanize Palestinian victims.[15]

In an open letter to Australian media outlets, journalists criticized a double standard in trust given to the IDF, stating, "The Israeli government is also an actor in this conflict, with mounting evidence it is committing war crimes and a documented history of sharing misinformation. The Israeli government’s version of events should never be reported verbatim without context or fact-checking."[16]

Haaretz's Itay Rom has criticized the media for its alleged bias against Israel. He gave several examples of "flimsy reporting" from CNN, BBC and Sky News, of which he believes result from ingrained belief that Israel is the "villain" of the story, which allows any claim made against it - even ones that are proven false - to pass. He wrote that "while attitudes towards Israel's claims is somewhere along the spectrum between healthy journalistic skepticism and complete distrust, Hamas's claims about the numbers of killed civilians in the Strip are accepted as the word of God." He also has raised criticisms against Israeli media, much of which, he states, "ignores and erases the Gazan story".[17]

Dismissal of Steve Bell

On 19 October, The Guardian announced the dismissal of editorial cartoonist Steve Bell, who had been contributing to the newspaper since 1983, after he made a caricature of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu holding a scalpel and preparing to make a Gaza Strip-shaped incision in his abdomen. While Bell said it was inspired by a similar caricature of US President Lyndon Johnson during the Vietnam War, he said he was accused of antisemitism for allegedly evoking the “pound of flesh” demanded by the Jewish character Shylock in William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice.[18]

Other media

After Swedish prime minister Ulf Kristersson used the word "folk" (people) during a November 21 Q&A session before interrupting himself, accusations that he had intended to use the word "folkmord" (genocide) circulated online. The incident was covered by outlets such as TRT World and RT DE. Palestinian news agency Wafa reported that Kristersson "says Israel has the right to commit genocide before correcting himself to say the right to self-defense", while other media such as Pakistani newspaper Dawn and Middle East Eye used more cautious language.[19]

Social media

Social media has played a major part in sharing information about the conflict, especially platforms like TikTok where war-related videos have garnered billions of views. As of 10 October 2023, the hashtag #Palestine has some 27.8 billion views, and the hashtag #Israel has 23 billion on TikTok.[20] Similar statistics were seen in later analysis with research done by the Humanz company, a tech company founded by former IDF intelligence officers, showed that during October 2023 there were 7.39 billion posts with pro-Israeli tags posted to Instagram and TikTok, while there were 109.61 billion posts with pro-Palestinian tags published on the sites in the same time.[21] The documentation and spreading of information of the conflict is not a new phenomenon with multiple clips showing the continued conflict going viral since the app was first public.[22] However, this has also resulted in the dissemination[by whom?] of misleading information and propaganda.[23][24][25] [26]

Hamas has posted shock videos about the hostages and the kidnapped.[27] Some posts that have been shared of the attacks against Israel and its citizens were reportedly spread through paid partnership with the Israeli Foreign Affairs Ministry, and is a part of the Israeli governments sweeping social media campaign to muster support for its military actions. Reportedly in about a weeks time since the October attacks by Hamas, Israel's Foreign Affairs Ministry had run about 30 ads that were seen over 4 million times on X, which portrayed Hamas as a "vicious terrorist group" similar to ISIS.[28]

The IDF has a profile on TikTok, which had 1.7 million followers in 2021.[22] Hamas has been barred from most social media sites and are unable to post on Facebook, Instagram and TikTok; however, some content from the group has been posted on other sites such as Telegram, where an account reportedly aligned to Hamas would post photos and videos in support of Hamas or documenting their actions, per the Atlantic Council.[29]

In mid-October, the Communications and digital minister Fahmi Fadzil confirmed that the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) would meet with TikTok's parent company ByteDance following complaints from Malaysian TikTok users that content containing words like Hamas were removed by the social media company.[30][31]

In early November 2023, a satirical video created by Noa Tishby an Israeli actress was criticized for being Islamophobic and Queer-phobic after it went viral. The video was captioned as showing "...pro-Hamas college students on their journey to normalizing a massacre" as "a huge part of our Jewish culture is using humor to deal with trauma." In the video the actors stated that "everyone is welcome, LGBTQH..." with the H to stand for Hamas and held a fake interview with a freedom fighter in Gaza, while wearing outfits that were "oppression chic." Some who defended the video claimed it was not mocking Muslims and queer people, but mocking queer people who support Hamas, as Hamas is against non heteronormativity.[32]

Activism

This section is an excerpt from Israel–Hamas war protests § Technology.[edit]

Activists used social media, such as X and TikTok, to share information about the war.[33] Pro-Palestinian activists adopted the watermelon emoji[a] as a symbol to represent solidarity with the people of Gaza.[34] TikTok was a source of ire for some, with people such as former US president Barack Obama criticizing "TikTok activism" for obscuring context.[35] Celebrities, including Sacha Baron Cohen and Amy Schumer, held a private meeting with TikTok executives accusing them of spreading antisemitism.[36] TikTok stated it was not biased, but that young people were organically more supportive of Palestine.[37] On 18 November, Elon Musk announced any user who used the phrases "decolonization" or "from the river to the sea" would be suspended from X.[38][b] Pro-Palestinian content creators in the U.S. reported widespread shadowbanning.[41] Critics of Israel also alleged they were censored or shadowbanned on the comment sections of Finnish national media outlets in November.[42]

Anonymous Sudan, a hacker group, launched a DDoS attack on ChatGPT[43][44] after Tal Broda – a member of OpenAI's leadership – made social media posts which expressed support for Israel and called for more intense bombing in Gaza.[44][45][46]

In January 2024, the Israeli government reportedly purchased a technological system for conducting large-scale influence campaigns online.[47] In February 2024, Israeli supporters adopted AI tools to report pro-Palestinian content en masse for supposedly violating site guidelines.[48]

Disinformation generated by machine learning models were used by activists to solicit support, as well as to create the artificial impression of broader support.[49] AI-generated images and deepfakes went viral online, though they were simultaneously fact-checked.[50][51] Technology companies were accused of profiting from AI-generated images related to the war,[52] as well as for building models that generated content reflecting anti-Palestinian biases.[53]

The Israeli prosecutor's office sent over 8,000 removal requests to Meta and TikTok for content related to the war, resulting in 94% of the requests being removed.[54] The Intercept reported Meta had allowed Hebrew and Arabic-language ads, generated by digital rights advocates to test the limits of Facebook's machine-learning moderation, calling for a "holocaust for the Palestinians".[55] In December 2023, Meta's independent oversight board released a report stating Facebook overly censored conflict-related posts, with civil rights organizations stating Meta had suppressed Palestinian content.[56]

So platforms saw trends spreading misinformation or mocking the conflict and the plight of others. An Israeli special effects and makeup artist drew ire and contempt from other users after posting a video of her pretending to be a Palestinian mother pleading for help before calling cut. Another part of the video shows her applying bruises with makeup with many calling out the insensitivity it showed.[57] Other videos reportedly created and posted by Israeli citizens showed them mocking different aspects of the suffering of those in Palestine, with some wearing traditional dress and using makeup and talcum powder to appear to be suffering from the bombs, while others flaunt water and electricity while Palestine's have been cut off from those services.[58][59] [60]

Messaging platforms

Messaging apps such as Telegram have been utilized to share information regarding the conflict. Nonetheless, these platforms have been criticized[by whom?] for inadequate content moderation, enabling the dissemination of violent videos and false information.[23]

X (formerly Twitter) was criticized by the European Union for not taking action against fake news spreaders in the website.[61]

Coverage by country

Iran: Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting published images of the capture of commanders of Nagorno-Karabakh by the Azerbaijani army in September 2023 as the capture of Israeli commanders by Hamas.[62][63][64] Mohammadreza Bagheri, a presenter at Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, called for the killing of more children, women, old women, the wounded and every single person who lives in Israel.[65][66][67][68][69]

Israel

HFC alerts in English, at i24News

On 11 October, Kan started a channel that scrolls through the names of the people killed in October 7 attack, much like the broadcasts on Israel’s Memorial Day.[70]

On 22 October, Home front alerts started showing in English at i24NEWS English channel.[71]

Qatar: Al Jazeera

On 25 October, Axios reported that US Secretary of State Antony Blinken had asked Qatari prime minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani to moderate Al Jazeera's coverage of the war. It is believed that Blinken was referring to Al Jazeera's Arabic language channel and not its English channels.[72][73]

Arrests, threats, cyberattacks and censorship

See also: Violence against journalists in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Arrest of journalists

The Committee to Protect Journalists has reported that to the growing number of journalists killed and injured in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, journalists in Israel and the Palestinian territories have also been subject to 13 arrests, as well as "numerous assaults, threats, cyberattacks, and censorship".[74]

In October, 10 journalists were arrested by the IDF, including Lama Khater, a freelance writer for Middle East Monitor and the Palestinian news website Felesteen; Mohamed Bader of al-Hadath newspaper; and the 62-year-old journalist Nawaf Al-Amer of the Sanad news agency. In November, a further three journalists were arrested, including Ameer Abo Iram of the Ramallah-based news outlet Al-Ersal, Mohamad Al-Atrash, a host of Radio Alam, and Amer Abu Arafa, a freelance reporter for the Quds News Network and Shehab News Agency.[74]

Threats, cyberattacks and censorship

Various threats have also been made towards journalists over the phone, or by Israeli soldiers and police at borders and checkpoints. In October, an RT Arabic crew was stopped by Israeli police and warned that they would risk arrest if they returned to the location. On 5 November, a team of journalists from the German broadcaster ARD, including Jan-Christoph Kitzler, were stopped by Israeli soldiers to the south of Hebron and threatened with weapons. They were also questioned about whether they were Jewish, according to the German news service Tagesschau and Haaretz, with one team member being called a traitor. Kitzler attributed the aggression to the reporting by the team on Israeli settler violence against Palestinians, writing on X that “it's noteworthy that many of the soldiers in that area are settlers themselves, creating an environment where journalists are generally unwelcome.”[74]

Media teams operation in the region have also been exposed to various kinds of cyberattack, with the Jerusalem Post website going down on 9 October, with Anonymous Sudan claiming responsibility. The Palestinian Authority news agency Wafa also experienced a cyberattack on 18 October, as did Al-Jazeera English on 31 October and Al-Mamlaka TV on 3 November.[74]

Since the conflict began, the Israeli authorities have also ordered the shutting down of several media outlet, including the West Bank-based J-Media agency and the Hebron-based Dream radio station. Israel has also propose emergency regulations to halt media broadcasts that harm “national morale”, and threatened to close Al-Jazeera's local offices and block the outlet from freely reporting.[74] On 30 October 30, Rolling Stone said its journalist Jesse Rosenfeld had been denied press credentials by the Israeli government after having covered the Benjamin Netanyahu's administration critically.[74]

Allegations were raised in early November 2023 that the IDF had foiled a number of catfishing or honeypot scams on social media with the majority clustered on Instagram. Multiple accounts reportedly aligned with Iran had made contact with IDF troops and worked to gain the troops trust before asking for potentially sensitive information. The IDF did not comment on if the scams had produced any actionable intelligence for Hamas.[75]

Suspension of Muslim journalists by MSNBC

During the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, there was an incident involving the suspension of three Muslim journalists from MSNBC: Mehdi Hasan, Ayman Mohieddine, and Ali Velshi.[76] The network's decision coincided with escalating tensions in the Gaza Strip. Hasan's show on Peacock, Mohieddine's scheduled appearances and Velshi's anchoring duties were all affected. Despite the changes, MSNBC maintained that these were coincidental and not indicative of any sidelining. The incident sparked a debate about potential religious bias, with critics[who?] suggesting that the anchors were targeted based on their faith.[77][78][79]

Censorship of social media content

Amid the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, major social media platforms Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok, have been accused censoring or limiting the reach of pro-Palestine voices during Israel's war. Users claim practices such as shadowbanning, where content is hidden or its reach reduced when using certain keyword or hashtags like "FreePalestine" or “IStandWithPalestine”.[80] Instagram has also been accused of taking down posts mentioning Palestine – an issue that Meta has attributed to a bug.[80] On 19 October, Meta had to issue an apology after having added the “terrorist” to Instagram profile translations containing the words “Palestinian” and “Alhamdullilah” or the Palestinian flag emoji.[81]

Some people who have posted in support of Palestine or the civilians impacted by the bombing campaign in Gaza have raised claims that they are being purposefully censored or their posts being restricted from being seen by a broader audience. Thousands of pro-Palestinian supporters have raised claims that Facebook and Instagram have suppressed or removed posts that did not break the platforms' rules.[29] One user on Instagram reported that her Instagram Stories posts about developments in Palestine were receiving fewer views and did not appear on her friends' accounts, her user name became unsearchable and friends were unable to interact with her posts. The user's report is apparently one of hundreds according to social media watchdog group 7amleh, the Arab Center for Social Media Advancement, who have raised claims that social media websites are shadow banning content related to the conflict. A similar trend was seen during May 2021 where there was a series of escalations in Palestine.[82]

In mid-October, the Communications and digital minister Fahmi Fadzil confirmed that the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) would meet with TikTok's parent company ByteDance following complaints from Malaysian TikTok users that content containing words like Hamas were removed by the social media company.[83][84]

Suspension of social media accounts

Meta, Facebook's parent company, suspended the Palestinian Quds News Network (QNN), the largest Palestinian news page on its platform. QNN, which had both Arabic and English news pages and 10 million followers, reported on the conflict between Israel and the Gaza Strip. The network criticized the suspension as a violation of freedom of opinion and expression and claimed it was in alignment with the Israeli government.[85][86]

On 13 October, Meta restricted access to the Instagram account of photojournalist and influencer Motaz Azaiza after he shared footage of the aftermath of an Israeli bombardment that killed 15 of his family members. Access was restored on 14 October.[87] Instagram's "see translation" feature erroneously added the word "terrorist" to some Palestinian users' bios;[88][89] the issue was later fixed and Meta issued an apology.[89]

Meta's Instagram suspended an Pro-Palestinian Instagram account 'Eye on Palestine' on 25 October, a key source of news on Gaza which documents daily Israeli abuses and violations in the occupied West Bank and the besieged Gaza Strip during the Israeli aggression. This has led to huge anger and a backlash from activists and media personnel online.[90] The page resumed activities on 27 October after the team discussed the issues with Meta.[91]

Impact of misinformation

Main article: Misinformation in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

Misinformation and propaganda have presented a notable problem during the conflict. False information and deceptive content have circulated extensively, especially in countries such as Indonesia.[92] This has raised worries[by whom?] about the possibility of misinformation escalating tensions and playing a role in fueling the conflict.[24][93]

Controversies

Honest Reporting

On 8 November, Honest Reporting, a pro-Israel media watchdog group, reported that several Gaza-based journalists, including those working with AP and Reuters, "appeared to have been embedded with Hamas" during the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel in violation of journalism ethics. Israeli Government officials, including Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu corroborated the report.[c] CNN and AP ended their relationship with one of these photographers, Hassan Eslaiah.[96][97][98] Within a week, Honest Reporting conceded that Reuters, the Associated Press, CNN, and The New York Times had no prior knowledge of the attacks.[95] Reuters noted that it was "deeply concerned about the irresponsibility of Honest Reporting in publishing such damaging accusations."[95]

Journalist casualties

Main article: List of journalists killed in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war

The conflict has also had a devastating impact on journalists covering it, with a number of them losing their lives or sustaining injuries while reporting in Gaza.[3][99]

See also

References

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