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Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham

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The Right Honourable
The Lord Stewart of Fulham
CH PC
Stewart in 1965
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
Foreign Affairs (1965–1966)
In office
16 March 1968 – 19 June 1970
Prime MinisterHarold Wilson
Preceded byGeorge Brown
Succeeded byAlec Douglas-Home
In office
22 January 1965 – 11 August 1966
Prime MinisterHarold Wilson
Preceded byPatrick Gordon Walker
Succeeded byGeorge Brown
First Secretary of State
In office
11 August 1966 – 6 April 1968
Prime MinisterHarold Wilson
Preceded byGeorge Brown
Succeeded byBarbara Castle
Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
In office
11 August 1966 – 29 August 1967
Prime MinisterHarold Wilson
Preceded byGeorge Brown
Succeeded byPeter Shore
Secretary of State for Education and Science
In office
16 October 1964 – 22 January 1965
Prime MinisterHarold Wilson
Preceded byQuintin Hogg
Succeeded byAnthony Crosland
Member of Parliament
for Fulham
Fulham East (1945–1955)
In office
5 July 1945 – 7 April 1979
Preceded byWilliam Astor
Succeeded byMartin Stevens
Personal details
BornRobert Michael Maitland Stewart
(1906-11-06)6 November 1906
Bromley, Kent, England
Died10 March 1990(1990-03-10) (aged 83)
London, England
PartyLabour
Spouse
​
(m. 1941)​
Alma materSt. John's College, Oxford
ProfessionMember of Parliament

Robert Michael Maitland Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham, CH, PC (6 November 1906 – 10 March 1990) was a British Labour Party politician, life peer and Fabian Socialist who was a Member of Parliament for 34 years, and served twice as Foreign Secretary in the first cabinet of Harold Wilson.

Early life

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The son of Robert Wallace Stewart, author and lecturer, and Eva Stewart née Blaxley, Robert Michael Maitland Stewart was born in Bromley.[1] He was educated at Brownhill Road Elementary School, Catford, Christ's Hospital and St. John's College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first class BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1929.[2][3] Whilst at Oxford he was involved in student politics and was elected as President of the Oxford Union for Michaelmas Term 1929. He was also the president of St John's Labour Club that same year.[1]

Stewart began his career as an official in the Royal Household during 1931. He worked for a short period with the Secretariat of the League of Nations, before becoming a schoolmaster, first at the Merchant Taylors' School in London, then at Coopers' Company's School, Mile End, and then at Frome, Somerset. During World War II, Stewart served in the Middle East, joining the Intelligence Corps in 1942, before transferring to the Army Educational Corps in 1943. He was promoted to captain in 1944.

On 26 July 1941 he married Mary Birkinshaw, later Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch; they had no children.[4] They were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right.

Political career

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Stewart had contested the Lewisham West constituency in 1931 and 1935. In 1936 he was selected for Fulham East, though due to the outbreak of war there was no election until 1945. Granted leave from the army to contest the seat, Stewart became MP for Fulham East 1945–55, then for Fulham 1955–74, and Hammersmith, Fulham 1974–79. Soon after his initial election, he was made one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury (more commonly known as a junior whip),[5] then a junior minister, as Under-Secretary of State for War (1947–51) and later as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply (May–October 1951), filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Freeman. Following Labour's defeat in the 1951 election, Stewart was a rising figure on the shadow front bench, first assisting Chuter Ede, the party's main spokesman on education, and then himself serving as Shadow Minister of Education (1955–59) and then as Shadow Minister of Housing and Local Government (1959–64).

Stewart first contested the Labour Party Shadow Cabinet elections in 1955. In 1959, as runner up, he joined the Shadow Cabinet following the resignation of Alf Robens; he was then elected in his own right for the remainder of Labour's period in opposition, topping the poll in 1963. His performance was boosted by his high profile in opposing the government's 1963 Local Government Act and in criticising predatory landlords. [6]

On May 21, 1952 during the British Malayan headhunting scandal, Stewart asked Henry Hopkinson in the House of Commons if the government intended to punish British soldiers caught posing with decapitated human heads in images taken during the Malayan Emergency and leaked by the Daily Worker. Hopkinson confirmed to Stewart that none of the British soldiers would be punished, claiming that said soldiers had never explicitly been forbidden from mutilating corpses.[7]

Stewart was Fabian Summer School director in 1952 and lecturer in 1954. He was Fabian New Year School lecturer in 1954–55 and publicist in 1956. He is listed as a member of the Fabian Society International Bureau Committee during 1957–58 and was mentioned in Fabian News November – December 1964 as a former member of the Fabian Executive Committee.[1]

Government 1964–70

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When Harold Wilson became Prime Minister in 1964, Stewart was appointed Secretary of State for Education and Science. He was promoted to Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in January 1965 after his predecessor Patrick Gordon Walker's bid to regain a House of Commons seat in the 1965 Leyton by-election failed.[8] He was described by the press as relatively unknown to the public but was extremely well known within Fabian socialist circles.

The most significant international issue during the period was the Vietnam War, which escalated in the years immediately after 1964. The government's stance, in avoiding active entanglement, providing vocal support for the Americans, and involvement in diplomatic initiatives, was driven directly by the Prime Minister. Stewart, a committed Atlanticist, played a supporting role. Nor was Stewart and the Foreign Office the lead for the government over Rhodesia, which declared UDI in 1965: that fell to the Colonial Office. Stewart - and his Foreign Office officials - was in favour of a renewed application to join the EEC, though Wilson was very reluctant to bring the issue to Cabinet because he saw it as divisive. Progress only really began in 1966 and gathered pace under Stewart's successor.[9] The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1967, where Lord Chalfont had been responsible for negotiations on behalf of Britain. There was also success in ending the 'Confrontation' with Indonesia.

In 1966, Stewart swapped jobs with George Brown and became Secretary of State for Economic Affairs and First Secretary of State. He returned to the Foreign Office from 1968 to 1970. As Foreign Secretary, he was instrumental in supplying arms to support the Nigerian military dictatorship's crushing of the secessionist Republic of Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War (when up to one million people died), later saying "It would have been quite easy for me to say: This is going to be difficult – let's cut off all connexion with the Nigerian Government. If I'd done that I should have known that I was encouraging in Africa the principle of tribal secession – with all the misery that could bring to Africa in the future."[10]

Post-Government

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Stewart remained foreign affairs spokesman after the 1970 General Election, but only until the Shadow Cabinet elections a month later. His stance on both Vietnam and Biafra had been unpopular with the Parliamentary Labour Party and this resulted in his fall to eighteenth place in the poll. At the age of sixty-three, this was the end of his front bench career.[11]

A committed pro-European, Stewart was leader of the Labour Delegation to the Council of Europe in June 1970, and joint president of the Labour Committee for Europe with George Brown and Roy Jenkins. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1975 to 1976.[1]

Stewart was a supporter of a United Ireland, supporting a peaceful resolution to the partition of Ireland.[12]

Stewart was made a member of the Privy Council in 1964. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1969 New Year Honours.[13] He retired from the House of Commons in 1979. He was elevated to the House of Lords, being created a life peer with the title Baron Stewart of Fulham, of Fulham in Greater London, on 5 July 1979.[14]

Brian Harrison recorded an oral history interview with Stewart, in March 1978, as part of the Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.[15]  Stewart discusses his teaching career and his connection with the Association for Education in Citizenship.

He died at a hospital in London on 10 March 1990, at the age of 83.[1]

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Dalyell, Tam (2004). "Stewart, (Robert) Michael Maitland, Baron Stewart of Fulham (1906–1990), politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39862. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ↑ Oxford University Calendar 1932, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1932, p. 282.
  3. ↑ Lane, A.T. (1995). Biographical dictionary of European labor leaders (Volume 2 ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 931. ISBN 0313299005.
  4. ↑ Duncan Sutherland, 'Stewart , Mary Elizabeth Henderson, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch (1903–1984)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2005 accessed 1 April 2017
  5. ↑ "East Fulham M.P. in Government Too – Junior Treasury Post For Captain Michael Stewart". Fulham Chronicle. No. 2993. 17 August 1945. p. 3. Retrieved 10 July 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  6. ↑ Butler, David (2000). Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900-2000 (8th ed.). Macmillan. p. 153. ISBN 0-333-77222-9.
  7. ↑ Poole, Dan (2023). Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: The Atrocity and Cover-Up. Pen and Sword Military. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1399057417.
  8. ↑ Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. pp. 158–159. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5.
  9. ↑ Shlaim, Avi (1977). British Foreign Secretaries Since 1945. David & Charles. p. 195. ISBN 0-7153-7381-1.
  10. ↑ "By Nigeria correspondent Barnaby Philips". BBC News. 13 January 2000. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
  11. ↑ Morris, Ted (2025). Managing Decline: British Foreign Secretaries of the Twentieth Century. Troubador. p. 343. ISBN 9781836285670.
  12. ↑ "A United Ireland". RTÉ Archives.
  13. ↑ "No. 44740". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1969. p. 24.
  14. ↑ "No. 47900". The London Gazette. 10 July 1979. p. 8714.
  15. ↑ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 12 December 2023.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Morris, Ted. Managing Decline: British Foreign Secretaries of the Twentieth Century. Troubador, 2025.
  • Avi Shlaim, Peter Jones and Keith Sainsbury. British Foreign Secretaries Since 1945. David and Charles, 1977.
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