Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction
| Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction | |
|---|---|
| Named after | August Michaelis Aleksandr Arbuzov |
| Reaction type | Coupling reaction |
| Identifiers | |
| Organic Chemistry Portal | arbuzov-reaction |
| RSC ontology ID | RXNO:0000112 |
The Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction (also called the Arbuzov reaction) is the chemical reaction of a trialkyl phosphite and an alkyl halide to form a phosphonate.
The reaction was discovered by August Michaelis in 1898,[1] and greatly explored by Aleksandr Arbuzov soon thereafter.[2][3] This reaction is widely used for the synthesis of various phosphonates, phosphinates, and phosphine oxides. Several reviews have been published.[4][5] The reaction also occurs for coordinated phosphite ligands, as illustrated by the demethylation of {(C5H5)Co[(CH3O)3P]3}2+ to give {(C5H5)Co[(CH3O)2PO]3}−, which is called the Klaui ligand.
Reaction mechanism
The Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction is initiated with the SN2 reaction of the nucleophilic phosphite (1) with the electrophilic alkyl halide (2) to give a phosphonium intermediate (3). Triaryl phosphites, which are unable to perform the second step of the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction, have been shown to produce stable phosphonium salts.[6] Likewise, aryl and vinyl halides are less reactive towards phosphites.
The displaced halide anion reacts via another SN2 reaction with the phosphonium intermediate to give the desired phosphonate (4) and another alkyl halide (5). When chiral phosphonium intermediates are produced, it has been shown the halide substitution proceeds with inversion of configuration, as expected by a SN2 reaction.[7]
As a general guideline, the reactivity of the organic halide (2) can be listed as follows: (from most reactive to least reactive)
- RCOX > RCH2X > RR'CHX >> RR'R"CX
and
- RI > RBr > RCl
The reaction of α-bromo- and α-chloroketones with phosphites yields a vinyl phosphate instead of an alkyl phosphonate – the Perkow reaction. α-Iodoketones do, in fact, give the a phosphonate.[8] Other methods of producing β-ketophosphonates have been developed.[9]
See also
References
- ^ Michaelis, A.; Kaehne, R. (1898). "Ueber das Verhalten der Jodalkyle gegen die sogen. Phosphorigsäureester oder O-Phosphine". Berichte. 31: 1048. doi:10.1002/cber.189803101190.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Arbuzov, A. E. (1906). J. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc. 38: 687.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Arbuzov, A. E. (1906). Chem. Zentr. II: 1639.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Arbuzov, B. A. (1964). "Michaelis–Arbusow- und Perkow-Reaktionen". Pure Appl. Chem. 9 (2): 307–353. doi:10.1351/pac196409020307.
- ^ Bhattacharya, A. K.; Thyagarajan, G. (1981). "Michaelis–Arbuzov rearrangement". Chem. Rev. 81 (4): 415–430. doi:10.1021/cr00044a004.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Landuer, S. R.; Rydon, H. N. (1953). "458. The organic chemistry of phosphorus. Part I. Some new methods for the preparation of alkyl halides". J. Chem. Soc.: 2224. doi:10.1039/jr9530002224.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gerrard, W.; Green, W. J. (1951). "568. Mechanism of the formation of dialkyl alkylphosphonates". J. Chem. Soc.: 2550. doi:10.1039/jr9510002550.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Jacobsen, H. I.; Griffin, M. J.; Preis, S.; Jensen, E. V. (1957). "Phosphonic Acids. IV. Preparation and Reactions of β-Ketophosphonate and Enol Phosphate Esters". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (10): 2608. doi:10.1021/ja01567a067.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Nagata, W.; Wakabayashi, T.; Hayase, Y. (1988). "Diethyl 2-(cyclohexylamino)vinylphosphonate". Organic Syntheses
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); Collected Volumes, vol. 6, p. 448.
External links
- Ford-Moore, A. H.; Perry, B. J. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p. 325 (1963); Vol. 31, p. 33 (1951). (Article)
- Davidsen, S. K.; Phllips, G. W.; Martin, S. F. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p. 451 (1993); Vol. 65, p. 119 (1987). (Article)
- Enders, D.; von Berg, S.; Jandeleit, B. Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 10, p. 289 (2004); Vol. 78, p. 169 (2002). (Article)