Michelle Bachelet
Michelle Bachelet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| President of Chile | |
| Assumed office March 11, 2006 | |
| Preceded by | Ricardo Lagos |
| Personal details | |
| Born | September 29, 1951 Santiago, Chile |
| Political party | Socialist |
| Alma mater | University of Chile |
| Signature | File:Michelle Bachelet signature.png |
Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and the current President of Chile—the first woman to hold this position in the country's history. She won the 2006 presidential election in a runoff, beating center-right billionaire businessman and former senator Sebastián Piñera, with 53.5% of the vote. A moderate Socialist, she campaigned on a platform of continuing Chile's free market policies, while increasing social benefits to help reduce the country's gap between rich and poor, one of the largest in the world. She was inaugurated on March 11 2006.
Bachelet—a surgeon, pediatrician and epidemiologist with studies in military strategy—served as Health Minister and Defense Minister under President Ricardo Lagos. She is a separated mother of three and a self-described agnostic, which sets her apart in a predominantly conservative and Catholic country. A polyglot, she speaks Spanish, English, German, Portuguese and French.[1] In 2007, Forbes magazine ranked her as 27th in the list of the 100 most powerful women in the world[2] (10 spots down from the 2006 list[3]).
Life and career
Early life
Bachelet was born in Santiago, the second child of archaeologist Ángela Jeria Gómez and Air Force Brigadier General Alberto Bachelet Martínez. Her paternal great-great-grandfather, Joseph Bachelet Lapierre, was a French wine merchant from Chassagne-Montrachet who emigrated to Chile with his Parisian wife in 1860 hired as a wine-making expert by the Subercaseaux vineyards. Bachelet Lapierre's son, Germán—Michelle Bachelet's great-grandfather—, was born in Chile and married to a French-Swiss woman. Of Greek ancestors, her maternal grandfather, Máximo Jeria Chacón, was the first person to receive a degree in agronomic engineering in Chile and founded several agronomy schools in the country.[4]
Much of Bachelet's childhood years were spent traveling around Chile, moving with her family from one military base to another. She lived and attended primary school in Quintero, Cerro Moreno, Antofagasta and San Bernardo. In 1962 she moved with her family to the United States, where her father was assigned to the military mission at the Chilean Embassy in Washington. Her family spent almost two years living in Bethesda, Maryland, where she attended Western Junior High School (now known as Westland Middle School) and learned to speak English fluently.[5] Back in Chile, she graduated from high school in 1969 at Liceo Nº 1 Javiera Carrera, a prestigious girls-only public school, finishing near the top of her class. There, she was president of her class, a member of the school's choir and volleyball teams, and part of a theater group and a music band called Las Clap Clap (which she helped found) that toured through many school festivals. She entered medical school at the University of Chile in 1970, after obtaining one of the highest national scores in the university admission test. She originally wanted to study sociology or economics but was prevailed upon by her father to study medicine instead.[6] She has said she opted for medicine because it was "a concrete way of helping people cope with pain" and "a way to contribute to improve health in Chile."[1]
Torture and exile
Facing growing food shortages, the government of Salvador Allende placed Bachelet's father in charge of the Food Distribution Office. When Augusto Pinochet came to power in the September 11 1973 coup, General Bachelet, refusing exile, was detained at the Air War Academy, under charges of treason. Following months of daily torture at Santiago's Public Prison, on March 12 1974, he suffered a cardiac arrest that resulted in his death. On January 10 1975, Bachelet and her mother were detained at their apartment by two DINA agents, who blindfolded them and drove them to Villa Grimaldi, a notorious secret detention center in Santiago, where they were separated and submitted to interrogation and torture.[7] Some days later they were transferred to Cuatro Álamos ("Four Poplars") detention center, where they were held until the end of January. Later in 1975, due to sympathetic connections in the military, both were exiled to Australia, where Bachelet's older brother Alberto had moved in 1969.[8]
In May 1975, Bachelet left Australia and moved to East Germany, to an apartment assigned to her by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) government in Am Stern, Potsdam; her mother joined her a month later (living separately in Leipzig). In October 1976 she began working at a communal clinic in the Babelsberg neighborhood, as a preparation step to continue her medical studies at an East German university. During this period she met architect Jorge Dávalos, another Chilean exile, whom she married in 1977. In January 1978 she went to Leipzig to learn German at the Karl Marx University's Herder Institute (now the University of Leipzig). Her first child with Dávalos, Sebastián, was born there that same year. She returned to Potsdam in September 1978, to continue her medical studies at the Humboldt University of Berlin for two years. Five months after enrolling as a student, however, she obtained authorization to return to her country.[9]
Return to Chile
In February 1979 Bachelet returned to Santiago, Chile from East Germany. Her medical school coursework from the GDR was not recognized at the University of Chile (under the control of the military at the time of her return), forcing her to resume her studies from where she had left off before fleeing the country. (Lack of reciprocity between medical schools in different countries is common, even when the school is not under military control.) She graduated as an M.D. in 1982 as one of the best students in her class. She opted to work in the public sector, applying for a position as general practitioner, to wherever attention was most needed; her petition was, however, rejected by the military government on "political grounds."[1] Instead, because of her academic performance and published papers, she earned a scholarship to specialize in pediatrics and public health at Children's Hospital Roberto del Río (1983–1986). During this time she also worked at PIDEE (Protection of Children Injured by States of Emergency Foundation), a non-governmental organization helping children of the tortured and missing in Santiago and Chillán. She was head of the foundation's Medical Department between 1986 and 1990. Some time after her second child with Dávalos —Francisca— was born in 1984, she and her husband legally separated.
Between 1985 and 1987 Bachelet had a romantic relationship with Alex Vojkovic Trier[10], a Communist engineer and spokesman for the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, an armed group which among other activities attempted to assassinate Augusto Pinochet in 1986. This affair turned into a minor issue during her presidential campaign, during which she argued that she never supported any of Vojkovic's activities.
In 1990, after democracy was restored in Chile, Bachelet worked for the Ministry of Health's West Santiago Health Service and was a consultant for the Pan-American Health Organization, the World Health Organization and the German Corporation for Technical Cooperation. While working for the National AIDS Commission (Conasida), she became romantically involved with Aníbal Henríquez, a fellow physician —and right-wing Pinochet supporter—, who fathered her third child, Sofia, in 1992; their relationship ended, however, a few years later. Between March 1994 and July 1997, Bachelet worked as Senior Assistant to the Deputy Health Minister.
Driven by an interest in civil-military relations, in 1996 she began studies in military strategy at the National Academy for Strategic and Policy Studies (Anepe) in Chile, obtaining first place in her class. Her student achievement earned her a presidential scholarship, permitting her to continue her studies in the United States at the Inter-American Defense College in Washington, DC, completing a Continental Defense Course in 1998. That same year she returned to Chile to work for the Defense Ministry as Senior Assistant to the Defense Minister. She subsequently graduated from a Master's program in military science at the Chilean Army's War Academy.
Political life
Socialist Party membership
On her first year as university student (1970), Bachelet became a member of the Socialist Youth (then presided by future deputy and now disappeared physician Carlos Lorca, her political mentor[11]), and was an active supporter of the Popular Unity. She then joined the Socialist Party of Chile and was politically active during the second half of the 1980s, fighting —though not on the front line— for the re-establishment of democracy in Chile. In 1995 she became part of the party's Central Committee, and from 1998 until 2000 she was an active member of the Political Commission.
In 1996, Bachelet ran against future presidential adversary Joaquín Lavín for the mayorship of Las Condes, a wealthy Santiago suburb. Lavín was elected mayor with nearly 78% of the vote, while she only finished fourth at 2.35%. At the 1999 CPD (Coalition of Parties for Democracy, Chile's governing coalition since 1990) presidential primary, she worked for Ricardo Lagos's nomination, heading the Santiago electoral zone.
Ministership
On March 11 2000 Bachelet —a virtual unknown at the time— was appointed Minister of Health by President Ricardo Lagos. She began with an in-depth reform of the public healthcare system that led to the AUGE plan a few years later. She was also given the task of eliminating waiting lists in the saturated public hospital system within the first 100 days of Lagos's government. Unable to meet this goal (she had reduced waiting lists by 90%), she offered her resignation, which was promptly rejected by the President. More controversially, she allowed for the free distribution of the morning-after pill for vicitims of sexual abuse.
On January 7 2002 Bachelet was appointed Defense Minister, becoming the first woman to hold this post in a Latin American country and one of the few in the world. While Minister of Defense, she promoted reconciliatory gestures between the military and victims of the dictatorship, culminating in the historic 2003 declaration by General Juan Emilio Cheyre, head of the army, that "never again" would the military subvert democracy in Chile. She also oversaw a reform of the military pension system and continued with the process of modernization of the Chilean armed forces with the purchasing of new military equipment, while engaging in international peace operations.
A moment which has been cited as key to Bachelet's chances to the presidency came during a flood in northern Santiago, where she, as Defense Minister, led a rescue operation on top of an amphibious tank, wearing a cloak and military cap.[12]
Presidential candidacy
In late 2004, following a surge of her popularity in opinion polls, Bachelet was asked to become the Socialists' candidate for the presidency[13]. Ángela Jeria, her mother, revealed in an interview that her daughter was hesitant to accept the nomination, but finally agreed because she "couldn't let [her] people down."[14] On October 1 of that year she was freed from her government post in order to begin her campaign and to help the Concertación at the municipal elections. On January 28 2005, she was proclaimed the Socialist Party's candidate for president.
An open primary scheduled for July 2005 to define the sole presidential candidate of the CPD was canceled after Bachelet's only rival, Christian Democrat Soledad Alvear, a cabinet member in the first three CPD administrations, pulled out early due to a lack of support within her own party and in opinion polls.
At the December 2005 election, Bachelet faced the center-right candidate Sebastián Piñera (RN), the right-wing candidate Joaquín Lavín (UDI) and the far-left candidate Tomás Hirsch (JPM). As predicted by opinion polls, she failed to obtain the absolute majority needed to win the election outright, winning 46% of the vote. In the runoff election on January 15, 2006, Bachelet faced Piñera, and won the presidency with 53.5% of the vote, thus becoming her country's first female elected president and the first woman who was not the wife of a previous head of state or political leader to reach the presidency of a Latin American nation in a direct election.
On January 30 2006, after being declared President-elect by the Electoral Qualifier Tribunal (Tricel), Bachelet announced her cabinet of ministers, which was unprecedentedly composed of an equal number of men and women, as was promised during her campaign. In keeping with the coalition's internal balance of power, she named seven ministers from the Christian Democrat Party (PDC), five from the Party for Democracy (PPD), four from the Socialist Party (PS), one from the Social Democrat Radical Party (PRSD) and three of no party affiliation. In the days that followed, she named the group of deputy ministers and regional intendants, following the same rule of "gender parity."
Presidency
Bachelet was sworn in as President of the Republic of Chile on March 11 2006, in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso, which was attended by a record number of foreign heads of states and delegates.
Domestic affairs
Most of Bachelet's first three months as president were spent working on 36 measures she had promised during her campaign to implement during her first 100 days in office. They ranged from simple presidential decrees, such as providing free health care for older patients, to complex bills to reform the social security system and the electoral system.
Bachelet's first political crisis came in late April 2006, when massive high school student demonstrations —unseen in three decades— broke out throughout the country demanding a rise of quality levels in public education (see: 2006 student protests in Chile). These protests and a sharp drop in her popularity, forced Bachelet to reshuffle her cabinet after only four months in office— a record in the country's history.[15]
The final months of 2006 were marred by reports of alleged misspending of public funds during the previous administration, specially in Chiledeportes, a government sports funding organization. There were also accusations of misappropriation of funds channeled through phantom firms and identity theft to fund congressional campaigns in late 2005. The scandal prompted Bachelet to present an anti-corruption plan in late November (see: 2006 corruption scandals in Chile). Other issues faced by Bachelet during her first year included, the death of former dictator Augusto Pinochet, a controversial decree allowing for the free distribution of the "morning-after pill" to girls as young as 14 years of age without parental consent[16], a nine-month Government-Congress deadlock over the naming of a new Comptroller General, and a difficult implementation of a new public transport system for the capital Santiago (see: Transantiago). The latter issue scaled into a major crisis that damaged her popularity and which resulted in Bachelet adjusting her cabinet for a second time, just two weeks into her second year. Bachelet has also had to face internal opposition coming from a number of dissatisfied lawmakers from both chambers of Congress—the so-called díscolos ("disobedient," "ungovernable")—, which have jeopardized the coalition's narrow —and historic, since the appointed senators were eliminated in 2005— Congress majority on a number of key government-sponsored bills, forcing her to negotiate with the right-wing opposition.
Her approval ratings, which reached record highs of more than 60% in the first few months of her presidency, have plummeted recently to an all-time low of 35% in September 2007, and her dissapproval rating to an all time high of 46%, according to the latest Adimark poll. Her fall has been attributed mainly to the Transantiago public transport system. This same poll shows that her approval rating in the Metropolitan Santiago region was as low as 27%.
Foreign relations
During her first year in office, Bachelet faced continuing problems from neighbors Argentina and Peru. On July 2006, she sent a letter of protest to Argentinean president Néstor Kirchner, after his government issued a decree increasing export tariffs of natural gas to Chile, which was considered by Bachelet a violation of a tacit bilateral agreement. A month later a long-standing border dispute resurfaced after Argentina published some tourist maps featuring a contested territory in southern Chile —the Southern Patagonian Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Patagónico Sur)— as Argentinean territory, violating an agreement not to draw a border over the area. In early 2007, Peru accused Chile of unilaterally redefining their shared sea boundary on a law, passed by Congress, which detailed the borders of the new administrative region of Arica-Parinacota. The impasse was resolved by the Chilean Constitutional Tribunal, which declared the particular section of the law unconstitutional. In March 2007, the Chilean state-owned —but editorially independent— television channel TVN cancelled the broadcast of a documentary about the War of the Pacific, after a cautionary call was made to the stations' board of directors by Chilean Foreign Relations Minister Alejandro Foxley, apparently acting on demands made by the Peruvian ambassador to Chile. The show was finally broadcast in late May of that year. In August 2007, the Chilean government filed a formal diplomatic protest to Peru and summoned home its ambassador, after the neighboring country published an official map claiming a part of the Pacific Ocean that Chile considers its sovereign territory. Peru said this was just another step in its plans to bring the dispute to the International Court of Justice in The Hague.
Chile's October 16, 2006 vote in the United Nations Security Council election—with Venezuela and Guatemala deadlocked in a bid for the two-year, non-permanent Latin American and Caribbean seat on the Security Council—developed into a major ideological issue in the country and was seen as a test for Bachelet. The governing coalition was divided between the Socialists, who supported a vote for Venezuela, and the Christian Democrats, who strongly opposed it. Ending months of speculation, the president announced —through her spokesman—, the day before the vote, that Chile would abstain, citing as reason a lack of regional consensus over a single candidate. On March 2007 Chile's ambassador to Venezuela, Claudio Huepe, revealed in an interview with teleSUR that Bachelet personally told him that she initially wanted to vote for Venezuela, but then "there were a series of circumstances that forced me to abstain."[17] The government quickly recalled Huepe and accepted his resignation.
Continuing the coalition's free-trade strategy, in August 2006 Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China (signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In October 2006, Bachelet promulgated a multilateral trade deal with New Zealand, Singapore and Brunei—the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership (P4), also signed under Lagos' presidency. She was also in free-trade talks with other countries, such as Australia and Vietnam. Regionally, she signed bilateral free trade agreements with Panama, Peru and Colombia.
Cabinet
| Office | Name | Party | Term |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minister of Interior | Andrés Zaldívar Larraín Belisario Velasco Baraona |
PDC PDC |
March 11-July 14 2006 July 14 2006-present |
| Minister of Foreign Relations | Alejandro Foxley Rioseco | PDC | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of National Defense | Vivianne Blanlot Soza José Goñi Carrasco |
PPD PPD |
March 11 2006-March 27 2007 March 27 2007-present |
| Minister of Finance | Andrés Velasco Brañes | Ind. | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister Secretary General of the Presidency | Paulina Veloso Valenzuela José Antonio Viera-Gallo Quesney |
PS PS |
March 11 2006-March 27 2007 March 27 2007-present |
| Minister Secretary General of Government | Ricardo Lagos Weber | PPD | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Economy, Promotion, & Reconstruction | Ingrid Antonijevic Hahn Alejandro Ferreiro Yazigi |
PPD PDC |
March 11-July 14 2006 July 14 2006-present |
| Minister of Planning & Cooperation | Clarisa Hardy Raskovan | PS | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Education | Martín Zilic Hrepic Yasna Provoste Campillay |
PDC PDC |
March 11-July 14 2006 July 14 2006-present |
| Minister of Justice | Isidro Solís Palma Carlos Maldonado Curti |
PRSD PRSD |
March 11 2006-March 27 2007 March 27 2007-present |
| Minister of Labor & Social Security | Osvaldo Andrade Lara | PS | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Public Works | Eduardo Bitrán Colodro | PPD | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Transportation & Telecommunications | Sergio Espejo Yaksic René Cortázar Sanz |
PDC PDC |
March 11 2006-March 27 2007 March 27 2007-present |
| Minister of Health | María Soledad Barría Iroume | PS | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Housing & Urbanism | Patricia Poblete Bennett | PDC | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of National Assets | Romy Schmidt Crnosija | PPD | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Agriculture | Álvaro Rojas Marín | PDC | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister of Mining | Karen Poniachik Pollak | Ind. | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister-President of National Energy Commission | Karen Poniachik Pollak Marcelo Tokman Ramos |
Ind. PPD |
March 11 2006-March 29 2007 March 29 2007-present |
| Minister-Director of National Women's Service | Laura Albornoz Pollman | PDC | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister-President of National Council of Culture & the Arts | Paulina Urrutia Fernández | Ind. | March 11 2006-present |
| Minister-President of National Environment Commission | Ana Lya Uriarte Rodríguez | PS | March 27 2007-present |
Notes and references
- ^ a b c "Biografía Michelle Bachelet" (in Spanish). Gobierno de Chile. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "The 100 Most Powerful Women: #27 Michelle Bachelet". Forbes. 2007-08-31. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- ^ "The 100 Most Powerful Women: #17 Michelle Bachelet". Forbes. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
- ^ "Biografías de Líderes Políticos CIDOB: Michelle Bachelet Jeria" (in Spanish). Fundació CIDOB. 2007-03-09. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ Rohter, Larry (2006-01-16). "Woman in the News; A Leader Making Peace With Chile's Past". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-01-16.
- ^ "Biografía de Michelle Bachelet" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2006-01-15.
- ^ Davison, Phil (2005-12-12). "Single mother poised to be Chilean President". The Independent. Retrieved 2005-12-12.
- ^ "La vida de la primera Presidenta de Chile" (in Spanish). La Nación. 2006-01-16. Retrieved 2006-01-16.
- ^ "Las huellas de Bachelet en Alemania Oriental" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2006-04-09. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
- ^ "La historia del ex frentista que fue pareja de Bachelet" (in Spanish). La Tercera. 2005-07-10. Retrieved 2005-07-10.
- ^ "Reportajes" (in Spanish). La Tercera. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
- ^ See image here.
- ^ "'All I want in life is to walk along the beach, holding my lover's hand'". The Guardian. 2005-11-22. Retrieved 2005-11-22.
- ^ Santa María, Orietta (2006-01-19). "'Estuve una semana encerrada en un cajón, vendada, atada'" (in Spanish). Las Últimas Noticias. Retrieved 2006-01-19.
- ^ It might be argued that Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle's cabinet reshuffling, on his sixth month in office, is comparable, considering he had a six-year mandate, two more than Bachelet.
- ^ "Bachelet ya firmó decreto que autoriza entrega de la 'píldora'" (in Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ "Chilevisión Noticias Última Mirada" (in Spanish). Chilevisión. 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
External links
- Template:Es icon Presidencia de la República official site (English version)
- Template:Es icon Official presidential campaign site
- PBS Newshour - Interview transcript with video
- "The woman taking Chile's top job" (BBC News)
- "The unexpected travails of the woman who would be president" (The Economist - December 8, 2005)
- "Bachelet's citizens' democracy" (The Economist - March 10, 2006)
- "With a New Leader, Chile Seems to Shuck Its Strait Laces" (The New York Times - March 8, 2006)
- "Welcome Madam Chilean President to Washington" —Council on Hemispheric Affairs
