View source for Mid front unrounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ in IPA}}
{{infobox IPA
|above=Mid front unrounded vowel
|ipa symbol=e̞
|ipa symbol2=ɛ̝
|ipa number=302 430
|decimal1=101
|decimal2=798
|x-sampa=e_o
|braille=e
|braille2=6
|braille3=gh
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The '''mid front unrounded vowel''' is a type of [[vowel]] sound that is used in some spoken [[language]]s. There is no dedicated symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid {{IPA|[e]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but it is normally written {{angbr IPA|e}}. If precision is required, diacritics may be used, such as {{angbr IPA|e̞}} or {{angbr IPA|ɛ̝}} (the former, indicating [[lowered (phonetics)|lowering]], being more common). In [[Sinology]] and [[Koreanology]], {{angbr|[[ᴇ]]}} is sometimes used, for example in the [[Zhengzhang Shangfang]] reconstructions or in [[Yuen Ren Chao|Chao Yuen Ren]] ''Grammar of Spoken Chinese.''

For many of the languages that have only one [[phonemic]] front unrounded vowel in the mid-vowel area (neither close nor open), the vowel is pronounced as a true mid vowel and is phonetically distinct from either a close-mid or open-mid vowel. Examples are [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hejazi Arabic]], [[Serbo-Croatian]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] ([[Seoul Dialect|Seoul dialect]]). A number of dialects of [[English language|English]] also have such a mid front vowel. However, there is no general predisposition. [[Igbo language|Igbo]] and [[Egyptian Arabic]], for example, have a close-mid {{IPA|[e]}}, and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] has an open-mid {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but none of these languages have another phonemic mid front vowel.

[[Kensiu language|Kensiu]], spoken in Malaysia and Thailand, is claimed to be unique in having true-mid vowels that are phonemically distinct from both close-mid and open-mid vowels, without differences in other parameters such as backness or roundedness.<ref>Bishop, N. (1996). [http://www.sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf A preliminary description of Kensiw (Maniq) phonology]. ''[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]'' 25.</ref>

==Features==
{{mid vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{unrounded vowel}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|b'''e'''d]]}} || {{IPA|[bɛ̝t]}} || 'bed' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. The height varies between mid {{IPA|[ɛ̝]}} and close-mid {{IPAblink|e}}.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA|/ɛ/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Hejazi Arabic|Hejazi]]{{sfnp|Abdoh|2010|p=84}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|بـ'''يـ'''ت]]|rtl=yes}} / bēt || {{IPA|[be̞ːt]}} || 'home' || See [[Hejazi Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Breton language|Breton]]{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|p=433}} || {{example needed|date=October 2018}} || || || Possible realization of unstressed {{IPA|/ɛ/}}; can be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|e}} instead.{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|p=433}}
|-
|[[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2003|p=110}} || {{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|也]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|yě]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Zh-yě.ogg|[je̞˨˩˦]|help=no}} || 'also' || See [[Standard Chinese phonology]]
|-
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || Bohemian{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|l'''e'''d]]}} || {{IPA|[lɛ̝̈t]}} || 'ice' || Near-front; may be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}} instead.{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|z'''e'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[zɛ̝t]}} || 'shove' (n.) || Open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ}} in Standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[English language|English]] || Broad [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}} || ''[[English orthography|c'''a'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[kʰɛ̝t]}} || 'cat' || Lower in other New Zealand varieties;{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}} corresponds to {{IPAblink|æ}} in other accents. See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} || ''[[English orthography|b'''ir'''d]]'' || {{IPA|[bɛ̝̈ːd]}} || 'bird' || Near-front; occasional realization of {{IPA|/ɜː/}}. It can be rounded {{IPAblink|œ̝ː}} or, more often, unrounded central {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɜː}}.
|-
| Cultivated [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}} || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|l'''e'''t]]'' || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[le̞t]}} || rowspan="2" | 'let' || Higher in other New Zealand varieties.{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || Many speakers pronounce a more open vowel {{IPAblink|ɛ}} instead. See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Inland Northern American English|Inland Northern American]]<ref name="map">{{cite web|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|date=15 July 1997|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | ''[[English orthography|b'''i'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[bë̞t̚]}} || rowspan="2" | 'bit' || rowspan="2" | Near-front,<ref name="map"/>{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}} may be {{IPAblink|ɪ}} (also {{IPAblink|ə}} in Scotland) instead for other speakers. See [[Northern Cities vowel shift]]
|-
| [[Scottish English|Scottish]]{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}} || {{IPA|[bë̞ʔ]}}
|-
| [[Yorkshire dialect|Yorkshire]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=179}} || [[English orthography|''pl'''ay''''']] || {{IPA|[ple̞ː]}} || 'play' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|pp=368–369}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian alphabet|sul'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈsule̞ˑ]}} || 'feather' (gen. sg.) || Common word-final allophone of {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=369}} See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}} || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|m'''e'''n'''e'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈme̞ne̞n]}} || 'I go' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|B'''e'''tt]]}} || {{IPA|[b̥ɛ̝t]}} || 'bed' || align=left | More often described as open-mid front {{IPAblink|ɛ}}.{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Bernese German|Bernese dialect]]{{sfnp|Marti|1985|p=27}} || {{lang|gsw|r'''è'''de}} || {{IPA|[ˈrɛ̝d̥ə]}} || 'to speak' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. See [[Bernese German phonology]]
|-
| [[Modern Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=28}}{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|π'''ε'''ς]]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|''p'''e'''s'']] || {{IPA|[pe̞s̠]}} || 'say!' || See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]{{sfnp|Laufer|1999|p=98}} || {{lang|he|[[hebrew alphabet|כן]]|rtl=yes}}/ken || {{IPA|[ke̞n]}} || 'yes' || Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see [[Niqqud]] and [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|h'''é'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[he̞ːt̪]}} || 'seven' || Also described as close-mid {{IPAblink|eː}}.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=92}} See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[sé̞]}} || 'look' ||
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]{{sfnp|Brodersen|2011}} || {{lang|is|[[Icelandic orthography|k'''e'''nna]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈcʰɛ̝nːä]}} || 'to teach' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. The long allophone is often diphthongized to {{IPA|[eɛ]}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=57–60}} See [[Icelandic phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]] || Standard{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|pp=137–138}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|decider'''e''']]}}|| {{IPA|[d̪eˈt͡ʃiːd̪eɾe̞]}}|| 'to believe' || Common realization of the unstressed {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|pp=137–138}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| Northern accents{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=137}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|p'''e'''nso]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpe̞ŋso]}} || 'I think' || Common realization of {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Bertinetto|Loporcaro|2005|p=137}} See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja|[[Japanese orthography|笑み]]}}/emi || {{Audio-IPA|ja-emi.ogg|[e̞mʲi]}} || 'smile' || See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Jebero language|Jebero]]{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Gussenhoven|2013|p=101}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[ˈiʃë̞k]}} || 'bat' || Near-front; possible realization of {{IPA|/ɘ/}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Gussenhoven|2013|p=101}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko|[[Hangul|내가]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Romanization of Korean|n'''ae'''ga]]}} || {{IPA|[nɛ̝ɡɐː]}}|| 'I'|| Pronunciation of {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Latvian language|Latvian]]{{Sfnp|Grigorjevs|Jaroslavienė|2015|p=79, 85}}
|{{Lang|lv|[[Latvian orthography|'''ē'''st]]}}
|{{IPA|[ê̞ːs̪t̪]}}
|'to eat'
|Typically transcribed in IPA with {{Angbr IPA|e}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} || {{lang|li|b'''è'''d}} || {{IPA|[bɛ̝t]}} || 'bed' || rowspan="2" | Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. See [[Maastrichtian dialect phonology]] and [[Weert dialect phonology]]
|-
| Weert dialect{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=107}} || {{lang|li|z'''è'''gke}} || {{IPA|[ˈzɛ̝ɡə]}} || 'to say'
|-
| [[Low Saxon]] || [[Gelders-Overijssels]] and [[Drents]]<ref>Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel 1982. H. Entjes.</ref> || '''''èè'''t zie?'' || {{IPA|[e̞ːt]}} || 'do they eat?' || Only around the border of eten - èten, [e:] vs [ɛ:]
|-
|[[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || Standard || {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|м'''е'''д]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɛd̪]}} || 'honey' ||
|-
|[[Malay language|Malay]]
|[[Malay language|Standard]]
|elok
|[e̞ˈlo̞ʔ]
|'good'
|See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Strandskogen|1979|pp=15-16}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=13}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|n'''e'''tt]]}} || {{IPA|[nɛ̝tː]}} || 'net' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]{{sfnp|Sarlin|2014|p=18}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|f'''e'''t'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfe̞t̪e̞]}} || 'girls' || See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=41}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|челов'''е'''к]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k]}} || 'human' || Occurs only after soft consonants. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Kordić|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|т'''е'''к]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|t'''e'''k]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ĕ̞k]}} || 'only' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Standard{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=375}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|b'''e'''hať]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɛ̝ɦäc]}} || 'to run' || See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref name="Srebot-Rejec">{{cite web|title=On the vowel system in present-day Slovene|author=Tatjana Srebot-Rejec|url=http://nl.ijs.si/isjt98/zbornik/sdjt98-Srebot.pdf}}</ref> || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|v'''e'''likan]]}} || {{IPA|[ʋe̞liˈká̠ːn]}} || 'giant' || Unstressed vowel,<ref name="Srebot-Rejec"/> as well as an allophone of {{IPA|/e/}} before {{IPA|/j/}} when a vowel does not follow within the same word.{{sfnp|Šuštaršič|Komar|Petek|1999|p=138}} See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=256}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|b'''e'''b'''é''']]}} || {{IPA|[be̞ˈβ̞e̞]}}|| 'baby' || See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|h'''ä'''ll]]}} || {{IPA|[hɛ̝l̪]|audio=Sv-häll.ogg}}|| 'flat rock' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. Many dialects pronounce short {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} the same. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Tera language|Tera]]{{sfnp|Tench|2007|p=230}} || {{lang|ttr|z'''e'''}} || {{IPA|[zè̞ː]}} || 'spoke' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]]{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''e'''v]]}} || {{IPA|[e̞v]}} || 'house' || See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=34}} || {{lang|hsb|nj'''e'''bjo}} || {{IPA|[ˈn̠ʲɛ̝bʲɔ]}} || 'sky' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} between soft consonants and after a soft consonant, excluding {{IPA|/j/}} in both cases.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=34}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || {{example needed|date=October 2015}} || || || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɛ̃}}. It is nasalized, and may be open-mid {{IPAblink|ɛ|ɛ̃}} instead.{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|e̞}}
* {{phoible|ɛ̝}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Mid vowels]]
[[Category:Front vowels]]
[[Category:Unrounded vowels]]