Minden, Louisiana
Minden | |
---|---|
City of Minden | |
The combined Minden City Hall and Convention Center opened on Broadway Street in 1970. | |
![]() Location of Minden in Webster Parish, Louisiana. | |
Coordinates: 32°37′0″N 93°17′0″W / 32.61667°N 93.28333°W | |
Country | ![]() |
States | ![]() |
Founded | 1836 |
Government | |
• Government | Mayor - Marvin Thomas "Tommy" Davis (R) Police Chief - Steven Wayne Cropper (I) |
Area | |
• Total | 15.16 sq mi (39.26 km2) |
• Land | 14.99 sq mi (38.82 km2) |
• Water | 0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2) |
Population (2010) | |
• Total | 13,082 |
• Estimate (2016)[2] | 12,577 |
• Density | 839.08/sq mi (323.96/km2) |
Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
ZIP code | 71055 |
Area code(s) | 318 |
Website | Minden, Louisiana |
Minden is a small city in and the parish seat of Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana, United States.[3] It is located twenty-eight miles (45 km) east of Shreveport in Caddo Parish. The population has been relatively stable since 1960, when it was 12,786. Minden is 51.7 percent African American.[4]
Minden is part of the larger Shreveport – Bossier City metropolitan area. It is a regional trade center for the neighboring parishes of Bienville and Claiborne, from which Webster Parish was carved in 1871.
Minden has possessed a United States post office since 1839.[5] The current postal building, a 10,000-square-foot structure at 111 South Monroe Street, was completed under a $285,000 contract awarded in 1959 to McInnis Construction Company of Minden.[6]
The community has been served by a newspaper since the 1850s. The current publication, the Minden Press-Herald, is located on Gleason Street south of Broadway. The building was formerly used by a grocery store. The Press-Herald became a daily newspaper on July 18, 1966, but was earlier published as two weekly papers, the Minden Press on Mondays and the Minden Herald on Thursdays. For a time there was also the Webster Signal-Tribune and other publications.[7]
On October 15, 2012, an ordnance bunker at nearby Camp Minden exploded resulting in minor property damage. Camp Minden is the site of the former Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant, once the major area employer.[8] In December 2012, police began the removal of 2,700 tons of explosives from Camp Minden, leading to evacuations in the nearby town of Doyline.[9]
In 1959, Minden was named the "Cleanest City in Louisiana."[10]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Louisiana_and_Arkansas_Railway_Depot%2C_Minden%2C_Louisiana.jpg/220px-Louisiana_and_Arkansas_Railway_Depot%2C_Minden%2C_Louisiana.jpg)
Early settlement
Among the original settlers in the Minden area was Newitt Drew, a Welshman originally from Virginia, who built a gristmill and sawmill on Dorcheat Bayou in south Webster Parish in what became the since defunct Overton community. Minden itself was established in 1836 by Charles H. Veeder, a native of Schenectady, New York, who named it for the city of Minden in Germany.[12] Veeder left Minden during the California Gold Rush and spent the rest of his life practicing law in Bakersfield, California.[13]
A year before Veeder arrived, a group from Phillipsburg (now Monaca), Pennsylvania, led by the Countess Leon, settled seven miles (11 km) northeast of Minden in what was then Claiborne Parish. For nearly four decades, this Germantown Colony operated on a communal basis.[14] It was dispersed in 1871, when Webster Parish was severed from Claiborne Parish.[15] The "Countess" moved to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where she died in 1881.[14]
One of three Utopian Society settlements in this area, the Germantown Colony was the most successful and lasted the longest, having peaked at fifty to sixty pioneers but usually with fewer than forty followers. The settlement had been planned by the countess' husband, Bernhard Müller, known as the Count von Leon. He died of yellow fever on August 29, 1834, at Grand Ecore, four miles (6 km) from Natchitoches, before he reached Webster Parish.[16] Leon and his followers attempted to build an earthly utopia, socialist in practice, while awaiting for the Second Coming of Christ. For his religious views, Leon had been exiled from Germany. He intended to plant the settlement in Webster Parish to coincide with the latitude of Jerusalem, 31 degrees, 47 minutes. The colonists worshiped under oak trees at the center of the colony. They supported themselves from farming, with a concentration on cotton.[14] The settlement is preserved at the Germantown Colony and Museum.
A second museum in Minden, the Dorcheat Historical Association Museum, named for Dorcheat Bayou, is located downtown at 116 Pearl Street near the post office. It preserves the cultural history of the city and parish from the 19th century.
Civil War
During the American Civil War, a large Confederate encampment, which housed some 15,000 soldiers was located east of Minden. At the time Minden was a supply depot for the troops. Some thirty Confederate soldiers who died in the Battle of Mansfield and another engagement at Pleasant Hill are buried in the historic Minden Cemetery located at Pine and Goodwill streets and Bayou Avenue. A modern cemetery, Gardens of Memory, opened in 1957 off the Lewisville Road north of Minden.
In 1862, Confederate General Richard Taylor, son of Zachary Taylor, issued orders to round up deserters. According to the historian John D. Winters of Louisiana Tech University, near Minden were seen "many robust-looking men claiming to be 'discharged soldiers.'" General Taylor reported that a "'large number of persons liable to military service . . . , deserters, enrolled conscripts who have failed to report, between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, are to be found throughout the state.' He ordered militia officers and parish sheriffs to arrest all men who could not prove legal exemption or absence from military service because of furlough or parole. Liberal rewards were offered for the apprehension of such men."[17]
Governor Henry Watkins Allen tried to make the state self-sufficient during the war. A factory for the manufacture of cotton and wool cards was erected at Minden and in full operation by the end of the war.[18] In 1864–1865, divisions of General Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac, hero at Mansfield, and Maj. Gen. John H. Forney established winter quarters near Minden.[19]
Coldest state temperature
On February 13, 1899, Minden recorded the state's all-time coldest temperature, −16 °F (−27 °C), during the height of the Great Blizzard. Another −16 °F (−27 °C) reading was recorded in Minden on February 2, 1899.[20] The humid subtropical climate, however, is usually mild in winter and mostly hot in summer.
1933 tornado
During the Great Depression, one of the two Minden banks failed. Five banks currently exist, Minden Building and Loan, Capital One, Regions, Citizens, and Richland State.
At nightfall on Monday, May 1, 1933, a tornado, then called a cyclone, destroyed some 20 percent of the residences in Minden; fifty were killed, and four hundred sustained injuries. Mayor Connell Fort sought assistance from the Louisiana National Guard Some fifty thousand sightseers came to Minden to view the damage and caused lengthy traffic jams.[22]
Thereafter, a fire destroyed many homes and much of the business district, including the large Goodwill Building, established in 1882 by Alfred Goodwill, which once housed the largest general store in Louisiana.[23] During the national bank holiday of 1933, the funds of both Minden citizens and businesses were frozen, making recovery from the tornado and the fire more difficult. Later, a summer flood destroyed a third of the crops in the area. Because of these quadruple tragedies, 1933 has been called the "Year of Disaster" in Minden.[24][25]
Ben F. Turner Sr. (1883–1934), was the Louisiana and Arkansas Railway express agent in Minden and the volunteer fire chief. During the 1933 fire, he sustained a heart attack and hence died the next year of cardiac failure. Oddly, Ben Turner's great grandfather had died in 1835 while fighting a fire at a brush arbor meeting in Georgia. Ben Turner's son, Harold Martin "Happy" Turner (1911–1988), was a well-known boarding house, restaurant owner, and civic booster in Minden.[26]
1946 lynching case
The 1946 beatings and attempted lynchings of John Cecil Jones and Albert Harris Jr., African-American men, were instances of violence against black veterans in the post-war years. The events were covered up by Minden police, the Webster Parish Sheriff's Department, the coroner's office, and several well-known individuals in the community. The crime was the only lynching in Louisiana that year. J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the FBI, investigated the case and wrote: "We had incontrovertible evidence of a multiple-agency cover-up."[27]
John Cecil Jones was an honorably discharged veteran of World War II and a cousin of Albert Harris Jr. A woman in rural Webster Parish complained that black men had trespassed on her property. O.H. Haynes Jr., then a sheriff's deputy, questioned both Jones and Harris about the alleged crime. He released Harris to a mob in nearby Dixie Inn, Louisiana, who took the young man to a rural area where he was bound, covered, and beaten by several other men.
Fearing for his son's life, Albert Harris Sr. sent him out of the state after he returned home. Deputy Sheriff Haynes went to the house to retrieve Harris Jr. Learning that Harris Sr., had sent the son away, Haynes broke the senior Harris' jaw. Harris Jr., was eventually delivered to Haynes' custody. The police arrested John Cecil Jones, the cousin and veteran, at his workplace in Cotton Valley.
Both men were jailed, where they were tortured and beaten multiple times by Haynes and another deputy, Charles Edwards. On August 8, 1946, Haynes released both men to a white mob in front of the old jail. The mob took the men south of Minden, where they beat and tortured them, leaving them for dead. Jones died from the beatings and torture, but Harris Jr. somehow survived.[27]
According to R. Harmon Drew Sr., then the assistant district attorney for Bossier and Webster parishes, jail records had been manipulated. According to the FBI, Dr. Richardson tampered with and concealed evidence taken from the crime scene, including a mechanical pencil and a wristwatch.[27]
Whitfield Jack of Shreveport (brother of State Representative Wellborn Jack), Barry Booth, A. S. Drew, and Harmon Caldwell Drew were defense attorneys for Haynes, Edwards, and the other defendants. R. Harmon Drew was defense counsel for the Minden Police Chief, Benjamin Gary Gantt (died 1948). He was not indicted by the grand jury, although multiple witnesses' testified that various city police officers had escorted the mob vehicles to the Minden city limits. Newspaper writer Paul Corvin likened city police at the time to the Gestapo but did not write such accordingly out of fear for his life.[27]
Eugene H. Lowe Jr., the American Legion post vice-commander, likened local law enforcement personnel to outlaws. His sentiments echoed those of the reporter Paul Corvin.[27] Eventually, Harris Jr., fled Louisiana. The NAACP and the FBI became involved in the case and seeking justice for Harris and Jones. The federal government indicted deputies Haynes and Edwards and four others, who were tried for violating the civil rights of Jones and Harris Jr. Ultimately, an all-white jury did not convict any of the six defendants.[27]
Hank Williams married in Minden
Country singer Hank Williams Sr., married Billie Jean Jones Eshliman in Minden on October 18, 1952. The next day, the couple repeated the vows in two separate public ceremonies. Less than three months later, Williams was dead. A judge ruled that the wedding was not legal because Billie Jean's divorce did not become final until eleven days after she had married Williams. Billie Jean later married Johnny Horton, another notable singer. Horton died in 1960 and is interred at Hill Crest Cemetery in Haughton in Bossier Parish.[28]
Geography
Minden has an elevation of 253 feet (77.1 m).[29] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.0 square miles (31 km2), of which 11.9 square miles (31 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (0.75%) is water.
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 533 | — | |
1860 | 1,144 | 114.6% | |
1870 | 1,100 | −3.8% | |
1880 | 1,113 | 1.2% | |
1890 | 1,298 | 16.6% | |
1900 | 1,561 | 20.3% | |
1910 | 3,002 | 92.3% | |
1920 | 6,105 | 103.4% | |
1930 | 5,623 | −7.9% | |
1940 | 6,677 | 18.7% | |
1950 | 9,787 | 46.6% | |
1960 | 12,785 | 30.6% | |
1970 | 13,996 | 9.5% | |
1980 | 15,084 | 7.8% | |
1990 | 13,661 | −9.4% | |
2000 | 13,027 | −4.6% | |
2010 | 13,082 | 0.4% | |
2016 (est.) | 12,577 | [2] | −3.9% |
U.S. Decennial Census[30] |
As of the census[31] of 2000, there were 13,027 people, 5,166 households, and 3,430 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,095.2 people per square mile (423.0/km²). There were 5,795 housing units at an average density of 487.2 per square mile (188.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 46.34% White, 52.17% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.
There were 5,166 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 22.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.05.
In the city of Minden, the population was spread out with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years, higher than the state median age of 34.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $24,175, and the median income for a family was $31,477. Males had a median income of $28,401 versus $19,199 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,114. About 21.0% of families and 26.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.3% of those under age 18 and 20.1% of those age 65 or over.
Economy
Minden has numerous businesses and an active Chamber of Commerce, which maintains offices near the intersection of Broadway and the Sibley Road. Two former executive directors of the chamber were elected as mayor, Tom Colten in 1966 and Paul A. Brown in 1989.
Minden was a stop on the former Louisiana and Arkansas Railway. The local depot, located where Main Street turns into the Shreveport Road, was constructed in 1923. By the 1950s, it was converted into a freezer locker plant, used primarily for the storage and sale of meat. The building was razed in the spring of 1982.[32]
The Webster Parish Courthouse, completed in the spring of 1953, is located west of its former location. The latter site was paved in the early 1970s to serve as a parking lot for the Minden City Hall/Civic Center. Governor Robert F. Kennon, a former resident and mayor of Minden from 1926 to 1928, spoke at the dedication ceremony.[33]
In February 2014, the Fibrebond Corporation, which builds concrete shelters, announced a $2.5 million capital expansion project which will revive an inactive container mill adjacent to the company's existing manufacturing site in Minden. The expansion will create 225 jobs, which will pay $3,000 gross per month. Some twenty-five additional jobs will also become available temporarily for the pending construction work at the site.[34]
Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Minden and Minden Redbirds
Larry B. Hunter (1896–1971) and his wife, the former Gladys Powell (1899–1973), a native of Sibley, for more than fifty years operated the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Minden, at 412 Pine Street. The company was founded by Larry Hunter's father, William S. Hunter, a native of New Orleans, as North Louisiana Bottling Works in 1901. The company did not acquire a franchise to bottle Coca-Cola until 1905. When William S. Hunter died in 1919, Larry Hunter, at the age of twenty-three, became head of the company.[35]
While soft drinks were bottled at the facility into the early 1980s, the former bottling plant is now only a distribution center. The present brick building, constructed in 1926, is the third building to serve as home to the company. It is located across from the Minden Cemetery.
The Hunters subsidized the Minden Redbirds, a semi-professional baseball team. They also built a regulation sized baseball field for the team; established the former Hunter's Playground, which included Minden's first public swimming pool, and Hunter's Playhouse that hosted weekly dances for area teenagers. These were the first public recreational facilities in Minden for young people. The playground and playhouse operated from 1940 to 1965. A memorial statue in commemoration of Larry and Gladys Hunter's gifts to the city of Minden is located outside the Coca-Cola facility at the corner of Pine and Goodwill streets in Minden.
The Minden Redbirds played at Griffith Stadium. After 1900, a quarter horse racing track operated at the site of the future stadium, adjacent to the parish fairgrounds. B. F. Griffith Sr. (1867-1960), the Webster Parish sheriff from 1900 to 1908, was also one of the founding members of the Webster Parish Fair Association. In 1947, he succeeded in getting the property transferred to the city, and the whole area became known as Griffith Park. Griffith's son, Benjamin Jr. (1927-2014), was a leading civic figure in the community often called upon to address civic groups on local history or to answer reporters' questions. A staunch individualist, he was in his later years still involved in motorcycling and skydiving.[36]
In 1950, Gladys Hunter became the first woman to have been elected to the Webster Parish School Board, on which she served for two six-year terms. In honor of her legacy the company funds a scholarship to be awarded each year to a deserving graduate of Minden High School.
A collection of Coca-Cola memorabilia is on display at the Dorcheat Historical Association Museum at 116 Pearl Street in Minden. Much of this material was assembled by Ben Hunter (1930-2015), one of the sons of Larry and Gladys Hunter, who was also instrumental in publishing the 1997 book, Memories of Hunter's. He was the chief executive officer from 1972 to 2001 at the Coca-Cola Bottling Company of Minden and the 1997 Minden "Man of the Year".[37]
Theaters
In the mid-20th century, Minden had two film theaters and a third drive-in facility. To promote the film industry, in 1951, theater owners Edgar Beach Hands Jr. (1905–1972), and Ruth Cobb Cheshire Lowe (1906–1991) hosted several film stars in a visit to the city. One was a future U.S. senator from California, George Murphy. Another was Robert Stack of the later ABC television series The Untouchables. Jesse White, best known for Maytag commercials, also visited.[38] Hands' Rex Theatre on Main Street closed on March 31, 1974, after thirty-seven years of operations.[39] The site of the Rex became a parking lot for nearby Minden Medical Center. By the late 1970s, Minden had no theaters. Its last was the West Plaza Twin Cinema, a building still standing off the Homer Road.
In the 21st century, several motion pictures have been filmed in the city and the surrounding areas of Webster Parish. Numerous cities and towns smaller than Minden still have maintained the demand for a theater.
Though it no longer has a theater, Minden is the city of license for CW affiliate KPXJ, Channel 21.
Education
The Webster Parish School Board maintains administrative offices at 1442 Sheppard Street. Minden High School, located just north of the downtown, completed major renovation in 2007. The original Minden High School located adjacent to the current campus dates to the turn of the 20th century.
Northwest Louisiana Technical College, a vocational technical institution, was formerly located on Constable Street near the Webster Parish fairgrounds and Griffith Stadium, a baseball field, where the former Minden Redbirds semi-professional team played. Governor Earl Kemp Long had included a trade school for Webster Parish in his 1948 platform, and State Senator Drayton R. Boucher and State Representative C.W. Thompson set about getting the initial $175,000 in funding through the legislature.[41]
In the summer of 2013, Northwest Technical College was relocated to a new and expanded site on the Interstate 20 service road. State Senator Robert Adley, who represents Webster and Bossier parishes, successfully sponsored SB 204, which will provide $251.6 million in financing and construction for twenty-nine projects at various technical college campuses across the state, including the new Minden facility.[42]
Elementary schools in Minden include E. S. Richardson, J. L. Jones, and J. E. Harper schools. In a cost-cutting move, the board in 2011 closed William G. Stewart Elementary School (built 1949), and the structure was quickly razed thereafter, leaving behind only a vacant field on Middle Landing Street.
The middle school, Webster Junior High School, is located on East Union Street at the site of the former historically black Webster High School, which closed in 1975, with desegregation into Minden High School. The previous junior high school, Theresa M. Lowe Junior High School located at 109 Clerk Street near the fairgrounds, was closed after desegregation and converted into an alternative school. Theresa Lowe (1907–1959), namesake of the former junior high school, graduated from Rayville High School in Rayville in Richland Parish in northeastern Louisiana and received her Bachelor of Science degree from Louisiana Tech University in Ruston. She taught seventh grade at the former Minden Junior High School and was a leader in the Louisiana Teachers Association, since renamed Louisiana Association of Educators. Two of her brothers practiced law together in Springhill. Charles McConnell was also the mayor of Springhill from 1954 to 1958, and Nathaniel Julius McConnell Sr., was the city judge there from 1956 until 1986.[43][44]
The private academy known as the Glenbrook School, located on Country Club Circle off the Lewisville Road, began in 1970 within the First Baptist Church of Minden.
The Louisiana Missionary Baptist Institute and Seminary, which offers bachelor's, master's, and doctor of theology degrees, is located off the Homer Road in east Minden. The theologically conservative institution was opened in 1952 by the then pastor L. L. Clover of Calvary Missionary Baptist Church, which is located adjacent to the seminary.
The main branch of the Webster Parish Library is located on East and West Street in Minden in a newer structure which opened in 1996. The $3 million library project, which included renovation of the previous plant to the right of the new structure, was funded through a 20-year bond issue. In a 17 percent turnout in a special election held in October 1993, voters approved the bond issue, 2,600 to 957.[45]
St. Jude Hospital
Minden has long led the nation in per capita fundraising for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. From 1975 to 2015, city residents raised $13,923,763. Early in 2016, another $1,441,599 was raised through auction, a benefit run, and school fundraisers. In the first year of the auction, $10,000 was raised, but the amounts grew rapidly over the ensuing years. Annual records have frequently been toppled.[46]
Notable people
Politics
- J. D. Batton (1911–1981), sheriff of Webster Parish 1952–1964, brother of Jack Batton, Democrat
- William Jasper Blackburn (1820–1899), mayor of Minden, 1855–1856; newspaper publisher; later U.S. Representative (1868–1869), Democrat-turned-Republican[47]
- Dorothy A. Brown (born 1953), Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County, 2000–present
- Bruce M. Bolin (born 1950), state representative from Webster Parish, 1978–1990; state district court judge, 1991–2012, Democrat[48]
- James E. Bolin (1914–2002), state representative, 1940–1944; state district court judge, 1952–1960; Louisiana appeal court judge, 1960–1978, Democrat[49]
- Parey Branton (1918–2011), Shongaloo native and resident, represented Webster Parish in the Louisiana House from 1960 to 1972, Democrat[50]
- Harvey Locke Carey (1915-1984), lawyer and United States District Attorney, married Katie Elizabeth Drew, lived briefly in Minden; died in Minden, Democrat[51]
- J. J. Carter, 19th century state representative, mayor of Minden, school board member, and parish police juror, Democrat[52]
- J. Frank Colbert (1882–1949), mayor (1944–1946), state representative (1920–1925), and member of the Webster Parish Police Jury (1912–1920), Democrat[53]
- Tom Colten (1922–2004) served from 1966 to 1974 as mayor. He later headed the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development under three governors of both parties, Republican.[54]
- Joe Cornelius Sr. (born 1942), African-American former interim mayor of Minden, Democrat
- Scott Crichton, judge of the Louisiana 1st Judicial District Court in Shreveport, 1991–2014, incoming associate justice for Louisiana Supreme Court, January 1, 2015; reared in Minden through the eighth grade, Democrat-turned-Republican[55]
- Floyd D. Culbertson Jr. (1908–1989), mayor from 1940 to 1942, Democrat[56]
- Tommy Davis (born 1942), mayor of Minden, winner of special election held on October 19, 2013, Republican[57]
- Rita Heard Days (born 1950), a resident of St. Louis, Missouri, is a former member of both houses of the Missouri State Legislature, Democrat.
- Everett Doerge (1935–1998) was an educator and member of the Louisiana House from 1991 to 1998. He was succeeded by his widow, Jean M. Doerge, also a former educator, a Democrat, and a native of Natchitoches Parish. She was reelected three times to the House. Everett Doerge won the post in the 1991 general election by defeating the Republican Eugene S. Eason of Springhill.[58]
- Harmon Caldwell Drew (1889–1950), District and circuit court judge, Democrat
- Harmon Drew Jr. (born 1946), Court of Appeals Judge (born 1946), Democrat[59]
- Richard Cleveland Drew (1848–1919), District and circuit court judge, Democrat.
- R. Harmon Drew Sr. (1917–1995), former assistant district attorney, municipal judge and a Democratic state representative[60]
- Richard Maxwell Drew (1822–1850), district court judge, state representative[61]
- John C. Fleming (born 1951), physician, author; member of the United States House of Representatives for Louisiana's 4th congressional district, 2009-2017, Republican[62]
- Thomas Wafer Fuller (1867–1920), state senator from 1896 to 1900, second Webster Parish school superintendent from 1908 until his death in 1920, Democrat[63]
- A. B. George (1829-1899), mayor of Minden from 1856 to 1858, state senator, district attorney, and upon relocation to Shreveport, an appeals court judge, Democrat[64]
- E.D. Gleason (1899–1959), member of the Louisiana House from Webster Parish from 1952 until his death in 1959, Democrat[65]
- Mary Smith Gleason (1899–1967), succeeded her husband as a member of the Louisiana House, 1959–1960, Democrat[66]
- Jasper Goodwill (1889–1974), mayor of Minden, 1955–1958; started employee health insurance and pension plans, Democrat[67]
- O. H. Haynes Jr. (1920–1996), sheriff of Webster Parish 1964–1980, Democrat[68]
- O. H. Haynes Sr. (1888–1969), sheriff of Webster Parish 1933–1952, Democrat[69]
- Jerry Huckaby (born 1941), a 1959 Minden High School graduate, served in Congress from 1977 to 1993. He represented Louisiana's 5th congressional district, which did not include either Minden or Webster Parish, Democrat.[70]
- Herman "Wimpy" Jones (1905–1967), State senator from 1956 to 1960; founder of restaurant that became the Southern Kitchen in Minden, Democrat[71]
- Edward Kennon, Louisiana Public Service Commissioner, 1973–1984, Democrat (later Independent)[72]
- Robert F. Kennon (1902–1988), was at 23 the youngest mayor ever in the state of Louisiana (1926–1928); Democratic Governor of Louisiana, 1952–1956[73]
- James Peter Kent (1866-1937), Minden newspaper publisher, mayor of Minden from 1899 to 1903 and state representative for Webster Parish from 1916 to 1920, Democrat[74]
- John Sidney Killen (1826-1903), farmer and cattleman, state representative in 1871[75]
- Graydon K. Kitchens Jr. (born 1936), retired city, ward, and Louisiana 26th Judicial District Court judge, Democrat-turned-Republican[76]
- Graydon K. Kitchens Sr.; (1903–1988), lawyer and politician; former law partner of Robert F. Kennon, member of the Louisiana Tax Commission, Democrat[77]
- W. Burch Lee (1883-1938), state representative for Webster Parish, 1914-1916; clerk of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana in Shreveport, Democrat[78]
- Coleman Lindsey, Democratic lieutenant governor of Louisiana, 1939–1940; state senator from Bossier and Webster parishes, 1924–1928 and 1932–1940; judge in East Baton Rouge Parish, 1950–1968, Democrat[79]
- W. Matt Lowe, mayor of Minden from 1916 to 1920; Webster parish police juror from 1940 to 1954, Democrat[80]
- Charles A. Marvin, district attorney of the 26th Judicial District (Bossier and Webster parishes) from 1971 to 1975, judge of the Louisiana Circuit Court of Appeal for the Second District in Shreveport (1975–1999), Democrat[81]
- Enos C. McClendon Jr., judge of the 26th Judicial District, 1960 to 1978, Democrat[82]
- J. Frank McInnis, judge of the 26th Judicial District, 1930 to 1953, Democrat[83]
- John Willard "Jack" Montgomery Sr., Minden attorney and state senator from 1968 to 1972, Democrat.[84]
- E.S. Richardson (1875–1950), Webster Parish school superintendent and president of Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, namesake of E.S. Richardson Elementary School, Democrat[85]
- Robert Roberts Jr., mayor of Minden 1905-1906, state representative 1908-1914, and state district judge 1920 to 1925, Democrat[86]
- Bill Robertson (1938–2013), mayor of Minden from 1991 until his death, Democrat[87]
- John N. Sandlin (1872–1957), succeeded John Watkins in Congress, 1921–1937; ran unsuccessfully in 1936 for the U.S. Senate against fellow Democrat Allen J. Ellender[88]
- McIntyre H. Sandlin (1870-1955), mayor of Minden 1894 to 1896 and member of the Louisiana House of Representatives 1896-1900, Democrat
- Nicholas J. Sandlin (1832-1896), farmer, lawyer, journalist, district attorney, police juror, state representative, postmaster, Confederate States Army officer, Democrat[89]
- E. L. Stewart (1872-1956), Minden lawyer and state representative from 1904 to 1908, Democrat.
- John D. Watkins (1828-1895), educator, lawyer, district attorney, state court judge, state senator, originally from Caldwell County, Kentucky, Democrat.[90]
- John T. Watkins (1854–1925), served in the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana's 4th congressional district, Democrat.[91]
- Lynn Kyle Watkins (1858-1935), state circuit court judge prior to 1912, brother of John T. Watkins[92]
- G. L. P. Wren (1836-1901), member of both houses of the Louisiana state legislature from 1884 to 1896; farmer in Webster Parish, Democrat[93][94]
Sports
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- Ken Beck (1935-2006), defensive tackle for the Green Bay Packers.
- Billy Joe Booth (1940–1972), after playing for Minden High School and Louisiana State University, joined the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, having played from 1962 to 1970. He died in an airplane crash in Canada. He resided in Harvey, Louisiana.[96]
- Larry C. Brewer (1948–2003), a 1966 graduate of Minden High School, played successfully for Louisiana Tech University in Ruston and joined the Atlanta Falcons after college graduation but was unable to meet the commitment because of an injury. Brewer became a certified public accountant and worked in hospital management until his death of a drowning accident while on a family vacation in Hawaii. He resided in Sand Springs, Oklahoma, near Tulsa.[97]
- George Doherty (1920–1987) was a professional football player (right tackle) who coached Minden High School to two state championships in 1954 and 1956 and then coached at Louisiana Tech and Northwestern State University.[98]
- Louis Dunbar a former center for the Harlem Globetrotters
- Fred Haynes (1946–2006), a 1964 Minden High School graduate, became a champion college quarterback at LSU, where he was affectionately known as the "Littlest Tiger" because of his modest physical size.
- Charles T. "Charlie" Hennigan (born 1935), originally from Bienville Parish, graduated from Minden High School in 1953 and played for Northwestern State University in Natchitoches before joining the newly created Houston Oilers in 1960.
- Cleone Hodges (1909–2012), professor of health and physical education at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina, from 1938 to 1974, LSU Lady Tigers basketball player while engaged in graduate studies, aunt of Fred Haynes[99]
- David Allen Lee (born 1943) is a retired industrial executive in Bossier City in Bossier Parish who holds National Football League punting records during his tenure with the former Baltimore Colts from 1966 to 1978. Prior to his professional career, Lee played for Louisiana Tech.
- Jackie Moreland (1938–1971) was the first All-American basketball player for Minden High School. He thereafter played for the Louisiana Tech Bulldogs, the Detroit Pistons, and the former New Orleans Buccaneers. He died of cancer at thirty-three.
- Sammy Joe Odom (1941–2001) was an MHS and Northwestern State football star who played in the 1964 season for the Houston Oilers. He was later the administrator for the De Soto Parish Police Jury in Mansfield.
- Chase Pittman is defensive end for the Cleveland Browns.
- Jimmy Upton (1949–2003) excelled in track and field at Minden High School and thereafter at the University of Louisiana at Monroe and was admitted to three halls of fame.
Others
- Gene Austin (1900-1972) was a singer, sometimes called "the first crooner".
- Alan Bean (1932–2018) U.S. astronaut lived in Minden as a child while his father was employed by the United States Soil Conservation Service.
- Arnold W. Braswell (born 1925), retired United States Air Force general originally from Minden.
- Sharon Brown (Miss USA) (born 1943), Miss Louisiana USA 1961, Miss USA 1961
- James Burton (born 1939), a popular guitarist who once performed with Ricky Nelson and Elvis Presley, was born in Dubberly, Louisiana and reared in Minden until he was ten years of age.
- Bill Carlisle (1908-2003), Country and folk singer/songwriter, lived in Minden in middle 1950s.[100]
- Barbara Colley (born 1947) is a romance and mystery novelist in New Orleans who was reared in Minden.
- Allen Ross Culpepper (1944–1969), United States Army captain cited for "extraordinary" heroism" in the Vietnam War[101]
- Alfred Goodwill (1830-1905), native of London, England, landowner from Claiborne Parish; owned largest general store in Louisiana in 1880s in Minden[102]
- John Jones, an honorably discharged African American former United States Army corporal, was jailed in August 1946 under pretenses of trespassing. He was released and lynched by a civilian posse, having reportedly refused to give a war souvenir to a white person.[103]
- Countess Leon (1798–1881), founder of the Germantown Colony north of Minden
- Ben Earl Looney (1905–1981) was a painter born in the Yellow Pine community in south Webster Parish. He graduated from Minden High School in 1923 and taught art throughout the United States in a career from the 1920s until his death in Lafayette.
- Charles E. Maple (1932–2006), news editor of The Minden Press and The Minden Herald (1960-1966) and chamber of commerce executive director in Minden (1966-1971)
- Percy Mayfield (1920–1984), blues singer
- Maggie Renfro (1895–2010), an Athens native and Minden resident, was at the time of her death the third oldest person living in the United States.
- Ada Jack Carver Snell (1890–1972) was a short story writer who specialized in the literature of the Cane River of Natchitoches Parish.
- David Snell (1921–1987) was a journalist and cartoonist for the defunct Life magazine.
- Tam Spiva (born 1932) is a television script writer (ABC's The Brady Bunch and CBS's Gentle Ben).
- William G. Stewart, farmer, school board president and namesake of former William G. Stewart Elementary School[104]
- Stanley R. Tiner (born 1942), the executive editor of The Sun Herald in Biloxi-Gulfport, Mississippi, started his journalism career at the Minden Press-Herald in 1969–1970. The Sun Herald won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for its Hurricane Katrina coverage.
- Tommy Tomlinson (1930-1982), guitarist associated with Johnny Horton; inductee of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, Arkansas native who resided in Minden[105]
- Robert O. Trout (1904–1995) was a Minden educator and school principal prior to 1947, when he joined the faculty of Louisiana Tech University as a sociologist.
- David Wade (1911-1990), Lieutenant General of the United States Air Force, former commander of Barksdale Air Force Base, state corrections director and adjutant general, born in Minden in 1911.
- H.O. West (1900–1981), founder of West Brothers clothing stores, active in company, 1923–1981.
In popular culture
On January 9, 2012, MTV premiered the reality television show Caged, about mixed martial artists fighting to gain the means to leave Minden.
Gallery
-
First Baptist Church at 301 Pennsylvania Avenue; since 2009, Leland Crawford has served as the senior pastor; George Washington Baines, maternal great-grandfather of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson, was the founding pastor in the 19th century. -
St. John's Episcopal Church at 1107 Broadway, also in the Minden Historic District -
Earlier located for decades at 609 Goodwill Street near the parish fairgrounds under the pastor T. W. Barnes, who served there in the pulpit from 1947 until his death in 2006, the First United Pentecostal Church now occupies new quarters at 612 Highway 531. -
Formerly downtown across from the courthouse, St. Paul Catholic Church is located at 410 Fincher Road. -
Main Street in Minden facing west -
Downtown Minden with the signature water tower in the background -
The main Webster Parish Library operates on East and West Street in Minden, with branches located throughout the parish. -
The Minden Community House is located at Victory Park in this facility completed in 1987 by the W-M Construction Company of Minden, after the previous contractor, Tarver Brothers of Shreveport, defaulted on the project. The previous community house building was razed.[106] -
Attractive but small Academy Park in the Minden Historic District is the site of the former Minden Male Academy. -
Minden Historic Residential District sign in Academy Park -
The McDonald-Monk House, built in Victorian style in 1904 at the intersection of Lewisville Road and East and West Street in the Historic Residential District, was added in 1986 to the National Register of Historic Places. The house is named for its builder, the banker J. W. McDonald, and the educator Miriam Robinson Monk (1923–2006), who purchased it in 1968. -
Dorcheat Historical Association Museum at 116 Pearl Street near the post office sponsors monthly public lectures. -
One of the oldest continuous businesses in Minden is the Western Auto dealership operated downtown by John P. Collins and previously by his grandfather and mother. -
The former Holland Crawford Insurance agency clock has long been a mainstay of downtown Minden. The company was founded by Castle Overstreet Holland (1895–1981) and operated until 2012 by his son-in-law, Wayne Scott Crawford (1928–2014).[107] -
Minden Medical Center, located downtown, ranks among the "Top 100" hospitals in the nation. -
Fountain behind the Veterans Memorial at Eagle Park on Turner's Pond; Eagle Park was largely donated to the public by the Minden contractor George Fithen (1932-2017), a native of Jefferson County, Ohio, who also provided for the annual July 4 fireworks at the park.[108] -
This historic bell, a gift to the City of Minden by the family of James Anderson Powell Sr. (1921-2016), of the former Blazer Construction Company,[109] previously hanged over the former Webster Parish Courthouse building from 1905 to 1951. -
Historic Minden Cemetery has graves as far back as 1843 and the American Civil War. Many Minden mayors are interred there. -
Downtown Minden welcome sign on Main Street
References
- ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 2, 2017.
- ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
- ^ "2010 Census". quickfacts.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Post Offices in Webster Parish, Louisiana".
- ^ "Post Office Contract Given Final OK", Minden Press, July 6, 1959, p. 1.
- ^ Minden Press-Herald, July 18, 1966, p. 1.
- ^ "Camp Minden bunker explosion rocks region". Shreveport Times. Retrieved 2012-10-16.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Tonnes of explosives found in US town". 3 News NZ. December 4, 2012.
- ^ "Cleanest City Trophy Presentation Set July 1", Minden Herald, June 25, 1959, p. 1.
- ^ John A. Agan (2014). Lost Minden. Columbia, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing Company. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-4671-1319-9. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
- ^ Edwin Adams Davis (1999). Rivers and Bayous of Louisiana. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4556-1130-0. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
- ^ "Charles Hanson Veeder", A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. 2 (1988), pp. 809-810.
- ^ a b c David James, III, "Germantown: Once Thriving and Socialistic", Minden Press, July 7, 1958, pp. 1-2.
- ^ "Respect for the Past, Confidence in the Future", Webster Parish Centennial, 1871–1971, pp. 13-14
- ^ Brochure, Germantown Colony and Museum, 120 Museum Road, Minden, LA 71055
- ^ John D. Winters, with John James Kushma of University of Texas at Arlington (1963). The Civil War in Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-8071-1725-5.
- ^ Winters, pp. 319, 408
- ^ Winters, p. 382.
- ^ 1 p.m. News, KEEL Radio, Shreveport, Louisiana, February 2, 2011
- ^ Fannie Moore, "Barber Keeps Pace for More Than 50 Years", Minden Press-Herald, March 25, 1994, p. 1.
- ^ "1933 Cyclone Rips Through Minden, Killing 50, Injuring 400 More," Minden Press-Herald, January 1, 1973, p. 1, 50th anniversary of the event from May 1, 1933.
- ^ John A. Agan, "Captain Alfred Goodwill's Descendant (Murphy J. Foster, Jr.) Makes News", Minden Press-Herald, November 3, 1995
- ^ "Minden, La". triptrivia.com. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- ^ "Connell Fort Dies Saturday Night at His Residence Here: Was Great Civic Worker and Builder of This City," Webster Signal-Tribune, March 5, 1937, pp. 1, 6.
- ^ "Services for Happy Turner Thursday", Minden Press-Herald, September 14, 1988, p. 1.
- ^ a b c d e f FBI File 44-1444.
- ^ Bill Morrison. "Rockabilly Country News & Views". Retrieved September 27, 2010.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "Locker Plant Razed", Minden Press-Herald, March 31, 1982, p. 1
- ^ Minden Press, May 1, 1953, p. 1
- ^ "Fibrebond expansion means 225 new jobs in Louisiana". Business Week. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Minden Herald, November 7, 1955.
- ^ "Minden resident Benjamin 'Frank' Griffith, Jr., succumbs". Minden Press-Herald. December 1, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Ben Hunter". The Shreveport Times. November 10, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Movie Stars Coming to Minden Thursday, Dec. 6", Minden Press, November 30, 1951, p. 1.
- ^ "Rex Theatre Near 'Last Picture Show,'" Minden Press-Herald, February 20, 1974, p. 1.
- ^ "Jeri Bloxom, NWLTC holds grand opening, September 9, 2013". Minden Press-Herald. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Thompson, Boucher Working for Trade School in Webster", Minden Herald, May 26, 1950, p. 1
- ^ Minden Press-Herald, June 20, 2013, p. 1
- ^ Minden Press, November 18, 1954, p. 1
- ^ N. J. McConnell, Sr., Springhill Cemetery grave marker.
- ^ "New library in future for Webster Parish", Minden Press-Herald, October 18, 1993, p. 1.
- ^ "Minden Does It Again! Auction record falls once more; Minden brings in $1,441,599 for St. Jude". Minden Press-Herald. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Blackburn, William Jasper - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
- ^ Press-Herald Staff. "Mary Eloise Martin Bolin". Minden Press-Herald. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "In memoriam". Louisiana Supreme Court. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Parey P. Branton". Shreveport Times. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
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(help) - ^ "Carey, Harvey Locke". Who Was Who in America, Vol. 9. 1985. p. 63. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
- ^ C. W. Barnum. "Webster Parish, Louisiana, History and Genealogy". laahgp.genealogyvillage.com. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
- ^ "Official Returns Given for Minden Primary Election", Minden Herald, April 14, 1944, p. 1
- ^ *Minden Press-Herald, November 9, 1966, November 4, 1970, November 8, 1978
- ^ "About Judge Scott Crichton". judgescottcrichton.com. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
- ^ Election results, Webster Review and Webster Signal-Tribune, April 14, 1942, p. 1
- ^ "Webster: Mayor City of Minden, October 19, 2013". lasos.blob.core.windows.net. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ^ Allen J.M. Smith, "Doerge dies early today of heart ailment," Minden Press-Herald, April 17, 1998
- ^ "Judge Harmon Drew, Jr". Second Circuit Court of Appeal. lacoa2.org. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ Minden Press-Herald, December 19, 1995
- ^ "Drew Family". mindenmemories.org. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
- ^ "John C. Fleming homepage". fleming.house.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Webster Parish historian John Agan, "Webster Superintendents of Schools"". mindenmemories.org. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
- ^ John A. Agan (Webster Parish official historian). "The Impact of the Minden Male Academy". Minden Press-Herald in mindenmemories.org. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Gleason Final Rites Held at Evergreen Today", Minden Herald, July 27, 1959
- ^ "W. E. Gleason to Seek State Rep. Post", Minden Herald, August 3, 1959, p. 1
- ^ Minden Herald, May 12, 1955, p. 1
- ^ Death of O.H. Haynes, Minden Press-Herald, December 10, 1996
- ^ John A. Agan. "Echoes of the Past: Sheriff's Race 1933". Minden Press-Herald. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Huckaby, Thomas Jerald". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ Minden Press, January 9, 1956, p. 8
- ^ Report of the Louisiana Secretary of State, "Official Returns of Open Primary Election September 16, 1978", Member of the Louisiana Public Service Commission, Fifth District
- ^ "Robert Floyd Kennon". sos.luisiana.gov. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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(help) - ^ "John Killen Home". Minden Memories. Retrieved March 16, 2015.
- ^ Agan, John (2000). Webster Parish. Arcadia Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 9780738506043.
- ^ Kerry B. Garland, "Fifty Years for Colonel Kitchens", Minden Press-Herald, September 10, 1976, p. 1.
- ^ "W. Burch Lee Funeral Here in Afternoon: Former Clerk of Federal Court Expires After Week of Illness". The Shreveport Times through findagrave.com. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Coleman Lindsey". archives. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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- ^ "Charles Marvin". genealogybuff.com. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
- ^ "Obituary of Enos Carr McClendon, Jr". genealogybuff.com. Retrieved June 8, 2012.
- ^ "Judge J. F. McInnis Will Retire Soon", Minden Herald, December 18, 1953, p. 1
- ^ Minden Press-Herald, October 27, 1971, p. 7
- ^ "Dr. E. Richardson, 75, Dies Wednesday in Ruston Hospital", Minden Herald, October 12, 1950, p. 1.
- ^ Henry E. Chambers, "Robert Roberts, Jr.", A History of Louisiana, Vol. 2 (Chicago and New York City, American Historical Society, Inc., 1925), pp. 21-22
- ^ "Nikki Henderson, "Mayor of Minden has passed away"". arkaltexhomepage.com. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
- ^ "Sandlin, John Nicholas". bioguide.congress.vgov. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ John A. Agan (2010). Echoes of Our Past: The Civil War Years in Minden. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-0-557-56490-3. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- ^ ""Judge John D. Watkins" in Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northwest Louisiana"". Chicago and Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Company. 1890. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ "Watkins, John Thomas". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ "Funeral Rites Held for Judge Lynn K. Watkins", Minden Signal-Tribune and Springhill Journal, March 19, 1935, pp. 1, 6
- ^ "Membership of the Louisiana House of Representatives, 1812 - Current: Webster Parish" (PDF). house.louisiana.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Membership of the Louisiana State Senate since 1880: Bienville, Bossier, Claiborne, and Webster" (PDF). senate.la.gov. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
- ^ "Father of Local Fair Buried Here Today", Minden Herald, October 6, 1960, p. 1
- ^ Booth obituary, The Times (Shreveport), July 2, 1972
- ^ "Larry Brewer obituary", Minden Press-Herald, May 26, 2003
- ^ Jeff Clemons, sports editor, "Doherty" More than a coach," Minden Press-Herald, January 3, 1988
- ^ Sherrie Norris (July 7, 2012). "Cleone Hodges celebrates 103 years of life". Watagua, North Carolina, Democrat. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Nationally Famous Folk Song Writer Moves to Minden", Minden Press, October 2, 1953, pp. 1, 16.
- ^ James Gulledge, "A Hero Remembered," Minden Press-Herald, November 11, 2011, p. 1
- ^ "Capt. Alfred Goodwill". findagrave.com. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
- ^ Walter White (1995). A man called White: the autobiography of Walter White. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1698-7. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
- ^ ""William Green Stewart" in Biographical and Historical Memoirs of Northwest Louisiana". Chicago and Nashville, Tennessee: The Southern Publishing Company. 1890. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- ^ "Tommy Tomlinson". hillbilly-music.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ^ Minden Press-Herald, January 1, 1987
- ^ "Wayne Scott Crawford". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Michelle Bates (August 1, 2017). "Fithen remembered as a man with a heart of gold". Minden Press-Herald. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ^ "James Anderson Powell, Sr". The Shreveport Times. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
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External links
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