Mormonism and Freemasonry

The relationship between Mormonism and Freemasonry began early in the life Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, as his older brother Hyrum and possibly his father were Freemasons while the family lived near Palmyra, New York. Nevertheless, in the late 1820s, the western New York region was swept with anti-Masonic fervor, and the Book of Mormon, a foundational sacred text published by Smith in 1830, describes plots of murder and theft by conspirators acting under an ancient, secret oath.

By the 1840s, however, Smith and several prominent Latter Day Saint had become Freemasons and founded a lodge in Nauvoo, Illinois, in March 1842. Soon after joining Freemasonry, Smith introduced a temple endowment ceremony including a number of symbolic elements that were essentially the same as their analogues within Freemasonry. Smith remained a Freemason until his death; however, later leaders in the movement have distanced themselves from Freemasonry. In modern times, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the predominant Latter Day Saint sect, holds no position for or against the compatibility of Masonry with LDS Church doctrine.

Historical connections

A significant number of leaders in the early Latter Day Saint movement were Masons prior to their involvement in the movement. Notable examples include Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, John C. Bennett, Hyrum Smith and Joseph Smith, Sr.

In the early 1840s, a Masonic Lodge was formed by Latter Day Saints who were Freemasons. Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum became members of the newly formed Nauvoo lodge. It appears that John C. Bennett had a particularly strong influence in the spread of Freemasonry among the Mormons, and soon over 1,500 Mormon men in the city of Nauvoo were practicing Masons. Mormon historian Reed Durham writes:

"By 1840, John Cook Bennett, a former active leader in Masonry had arrived in Commerce and rapidly exerted his persuasive leadership in all facets of the Church, including Mormon Masonry. ... Joseph and Sidney [Rigdon] were inducted into formal Masonry ... on the same day..." being made "Masons on Sight" by the Illinois Grandmaster.("Is There No Help for the Widow's Son?" by Dr. Reed C. Durham, Jr., as printed in "Joseph Smith and Masonry: No Help for the Widow's Son", Martin Pub. Co., Nauvoo, Ill., 1980, p. 17.) (This freed Joseph from having to complete the ritual and memorization necessary to work one's way through the first three degrees.) Making one "A Mason on Sight" is generally reserved as an honor and is a rarity in occurrence.

In 1842 Smith became a Master Mason, as indicated by in the History of the Church:

Tuesday, [March] 15. — I officiated as grand chaplain at the installation of the Nauvoo Lodge of Free Masons, at the Grove near the Temple. Grand Master Jonas, of Columbus, being present, a large number of people assembled on the occasion. The day was exceedingly fine; all things were done in order, and universal satisfaction was manifested. In the evening I received the first degree in Freemasonry in the Nauvoo Lodge, assembled in my general business office. History of the Church, by Joseph Smith, Deseret Book, 1978, Vol.4, Ch.32, p.550–1.)

Smith was raised to the third degree of master mason "on sight" by Grand Master Jonas of the Grand Lodge of Illinois. This was fully within Jonas' right of office, but was a fairly rare procedure.^[1]

Wednesday, March 16. — I was with the Masonic Lodge and rose to the sublime degree. (History of the Church, Vol. 4, Ch.32, p. 552)

In The Mormon Church and Freemasonry (2001), Terry Chateau writes:

[The Joseph Smith family] was a Masonic family which lived by and practiced the estimable and admirable tenets of Freemasonry. The father, Joseph Smith, Sr., was a documented member in upstate New York. He was raised to the degree of Master Mason on May 7, 1818 in Ontario Lodge No. 23 of Canandaigua, New York. An older son, Hyrum Smith, was a member of Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112, Palmyra New York.

Hyrum Smith was not only Joseph's older brother, but succeeded their father as Presiding Patriarch and Oliver Cowdery as Assistant President of the Church.

Problems arose concerning the special dispensation granted to the Nauvoo Lodge, brought by Bodley Lodge No. 1, and on August 11, 1842, the special dispensation was suspended by the Grand Master until the annual Communication of the Illinois Grand Lodge.^[2] "During the short period covering its activities, this Lodge initiated 286 candidates and raised almost as many. John C. Bennett reports an instance in which sixty-three persons were elected on a single ballot."^[2] This suspension was later lifted and the Mormon Lodges resumed work although several irregularities in their practice were noted. The irregularities centered on mass balloting (voting on more than one candidate at a time) and not requiring proficiency in each degree before proceeding to the next degree (in many cases, initiates were being passed to the Fellowcraft degree and raised to the Master Mason degree within two days of being initiated as an Entered Apprentice).^[2] In 1844, the Mormon Lodges (of which there were five at that time) were ordered to cease work by the Grand Lodge,^[3] although they ignored the order and continued to function as clandestine lodges until Smith's death.

Similarities in symbology and ritual in the LDS Church

LDS Church temple worship shares an extensive commonality of symbols, signs, vocabulary and clothing with Freemasonry, including robes, aprons, handshakes, ritualistic raising of the arms, etc.^[4] The interpretation of many of these symbols has been adapted to the Mormon narrative from their original meanings in Freemasonry. For example, whereas Masons exchange secret handshakes to identify fellow Freemasons, Mormonism teaches that these handshakes must be given to sentinel angels in order for Mormons to be admitted into the highest kingdom of heaven. LDS temple garments also bear the Masonic symbols of the Square and Compass, although the LDS Church has imbued these symbols with religious meaning that exceeds the meaning of the symbols as intended by Freemasonry.

Brigham Young is quoted as describing the origin of the temple rituals in a fashion that is directly relates to the story of Hiram Abiff from Masonic folklore. Although Young changed some of the key masonic aspects about Abiff to fit better with the LDS Church's view of the temple, the story is the same:

It is true that Solomon built a temple for the purpose of giving endowments, but from what we can learn of the history of that time they gave very few if any endowments, and one of the high priests [Hiram Abiff] was murdered by wicked and corrupt men, who had already begun to apostatize, because he would not reveal those things appertaining to the priesthood that were forbidden him to reveal until he came to the proper place. (Discourses of Brigham Young, compiled by John A. Widtsoe, Deseret Book, 1977)

When Smith was in Carthage Jail in 1844, after he fired his last round in a small pepper-box pistol, he ran to the window and held up his arms and may in what may have been a Masonic call of distress, hoping Masons in the contingent would honor this call and not fire on him. It is recorded that he ran towards the open window with uplifted hands, and proclaimed, "Oh Lord my God."^[5] Most people see this as only a plea to God for aid, although others suspect otherwise.^[6]

Modern official LDS Church policy

From 1925 to 1984, the Grand Lodge of Utah prohibited members of the LDS Church from joining, but no other Grand Lodge followed this ban and Latter-day Saints were free to join Lodges outside Utah. In 1984, the Grand Lodge of Utah officially dropped its anti-Mormon position and allowed LDS Church members to join. Today there is no formal obstacle in Utah or in any other Grand Lodge preventing Latter-day Saints from becoming Freemasons. Since 1984 several of the Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of Utah have been Latter-day Saints.

The presidency of the LDS Church has not made an official statement as to whether or not Freemasonry is compatible with church membership. However Don LeFevre, a past spokesman for the church has said the church "strongly advises its members not to affiliate with organizations that are secret, oath-bound, or would cause them to lose interest in church activities."^[7] There are many LDS Masons in Utah and other Grand Lodges who serve and have served in various leadership positions, including Grand Masters, other Grand Officers, and Worshipful Masters.

Recent explorations of the issue

In 2003 Phillip Freiberg presented a short research paper on the topic at Brigham Young University and Utah Wasatch Lodge No.1
Clyde R. Forsberg published Equal Rites: The Book of Mormon, Masonry, Gender, and American Culture in 2004 through Columbia University Press.^[8]
Greg Kearney, an endowed Mormon who is also a Freemason, gave a presentation of the issue of Mormonism and Freemasonry at the 2005 conference of the Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research.^[1]
In 2009 Matthew B. Brown published Exploring the Connection Between Mormons and Masons.^[9]
A forthcoming book called Method Infinite: Freemasonry and the Mormon Restoration has been anticipated for some years.^[8]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]
In 2014, the Joseph Smith Foundation produced the documentary Statesmen & Symbols: Prelude to the Restoration exploring Joseph Smith's involvement in Freemasonry. The DVD also details connections with Masonic symbols among the Chinese, Hopewell Indians, Early Christians, American Founding Fathers and the Egyptians. http://www.zionvision.com/symbols
In 2014, Michael W. Homer published Joseph's Temples: The Dynamic Relationship Between Freemasonry and Mormonism, a condensation of the last 40 years of scholarship on the issue.^[13]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Kearney, Greg (2005), "The Message and the Messenger: Latter-day Saints and Freemasonry", 2005 FAIR Conference, Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research
^ ^a ^b ^c Goodwin (1920).
^ Brodie (1971, p. 367).
^ Goodwin (1920, pp. 54–59).
^ Times and Seasons, vol. 5 no. 13 [July 15, 1844], p. 585.
^ Durham, Reed C. (April 20, 1974), Is There No Help For The Widow's Son?, Mormon History Association convention, Nauvoo, Illinois{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link); Unauthorized transcription by Melvin B. Hogan, as found at mormonismi.net.^{[unreliable source?]}
Another version^{[dead link‍]} of Hogan's transcription as found at CephasMinistry.com.^{[unreliable source?]}
^ Salt Lake Tribune, Section D1, February 17, 1992.^{[full citation needed]}
^ ^a ^b Literski, Nicholas S. (2005), "Mormonism, Masonry, and Mischief: Clyde Forsberg's Equal Rites", FARMS Review, 17 (1): 1–10, retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ Literski, Nick (October 29, 2009). "Book Review: Exploring the Connection Between Mormons and Masons". Mormon Matters. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ Literski, Nicholas S. "An Introduction to Mormonism and Freemasonry". The Signature Books Library. Signature Books. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
^ Stack, Peggy Fletcher (September 10, 2009) [2006]. "Mormon-Mason ties: What's fact, what's fiction". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
^ "Forthcoming". Greg Kofford Books. Retrieved 2009-12-31.^{[failed verification]}
^ ^a ^b Benjamin Park (September 24, 2014). "Book Review: Michael Homer, Joseph's Temples: The Dynamic Relationship Between Freemasonry and Mormonism"". Juvenile Instructor. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
^ See comment from Joe Steve Swick III on October 31, 2014 at "236: Encountering Other Traditions, Part 1: Freemasonry". Mormon Matters. June 19, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-08.

References

Anderson, Devery S.; Bergera, James, eds. (2005). Joseph Smith's Quorum of the Anointed, 1842-1845: A Documentary History. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-186-4. OCLC 57965858. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
Brodie, Fawn M. (1971), No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith (2nd ed.), New York: Knopf, ISBN 0-394-46967-4.
Brooke, John L. (1994), The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buerger, David John (1987), "The Development of the Mormon Temple Endowment Ceremony", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 20 (4): 33–76.
Buerger, David John (2002), The Mysteries of Godliness: A History of Mormon Temple Worship (2nd ed.), Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-176-7.
Bullock, Steven C. (1996), Revolutionary Brotherhood: Freemasonry and the Transformation of the American Social Order, 1730-1840, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Compton, Todd (1997), In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-085-X.
Forsberg, Clyde R. (2004), Equal rites: the Book of Mormon, Masonry, gender, and American culture, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-12640-3.
Goodwin, S.H. (1920), Mormonism and Masonry: Origins, Connections and Coincidences Between Mason and Mormon Temple/Templar Rituals.
Homer, Michael W. (1992), "Masonry and Mormonism in Utah, 1847–1984", Journal of Mormon History, 18 (2): 57–96.
Homer, Michael W. (1994), "Similarity of Priesthood in Masonry: The Relationship between Freemasonry and Mormonism.", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 27 (3): 1–113.
Homer, Michael W. (2014), Joseph's Temples: The Dynamic Relationship Between Freemasonry and Mormonism, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, ISBN 9781607813446.
Hogan, Mervin B. (1967), "Mormonism and Free Masonry under Covert Masonic Influences", The Royal Arch Mason, 9 (Spring): 3–11.
Hoyos, Arturo; Morris, S. Brent (2004), Freemasonry in Context: History, Ritual, Controversy, Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
Morgan, William (1826), Illustrations of Masonry by One of the Fraternity Who has devoted Thirty Years to the Subject: "God said, Let there be Light, and there was light", Batavia, N.Y.: David C. Miller, LCCN 01005502, OCLC 22186577.
Walgren, Kent L. (1982), "James Adams: Early Springfield Mormon and Freemason", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 75 (Summer): 121–36.