Mujaddid
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Moinuddin Chishti (1142–1236), Shrine of Moinuddin Chishti, mujaddid[according to whom?] of the seventh century.
A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.[3]
The concept is based not on the Quran but on a hadith (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),[original research?] recorded by Abu Dawood, Abu Hurairah narrated that Muhammad said:
Allah will raise for this community at the end of every hundred years the one who will renovate its religion for it.
— Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[4]
Mujaddids tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.[2]
Contents
- 1 List of claimants and potential mujaddids
- 1.1 First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- 1.2 Second Century (August 10, 815)
- 1.3 Third Century (August 17, 912)
- 1.4 Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- 1.5 Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
- 1.6 Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- 1.7 Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- 1.8 Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- 1.9 Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- 1.10 Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- 1.11 Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- 1.12 Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- 1.13 Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- 1.14 Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
- 2 Notes
- 3 References
- 4 Further reading
- 5 External links
List of claimants and potential mujaddids
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya[5][page needed][6] have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[7][8]
Second Century (August 10, 815)
Third Century (August 17, 912)
- Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864–941)[10][11]
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[9][12]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[8][13]
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[10]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[11]
Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[18]
Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- Moinuddin Chishti (1165–1240)[11]
- Ibn Arabi (1165–1240)[11]
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[11]
Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[19]
Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[7][20]
Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[7]
Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[12][21]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[22]
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[23]
Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[20]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[24]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[25]
Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[11]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[26]
Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
- Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979)[27]
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[28]
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[29][nb 1]
Notes
References
- ^ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ a b c Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
- ^ "Mujaddid - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- ^ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
- ^ "Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures". ABC-CLIO, LLC.
- ^ Jesudas M. Athyal, Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures, (ABC-CLIO, LLC 2015), p 1. ISBN 9781610692496.
- ^ a b c "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
- ^ a b c d Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
- ^ a b c Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.
- ^ a b c Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
- ^ a b Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
- ^ Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
- ^ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help) - ^ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
- ^ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ^ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
- ^ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
- ^ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2004-09-02. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=(help) - ^ a b Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
- ^ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
- ^ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications. Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=(help) - ^ Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - ^ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=(help) - ^ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
- ^ Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
- ^ Mawdudi and the Making of Islamic Revivalism. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Gugler, Thomas K (2015). Ridgeon, Lloyd (ed.). Sufis and Salafis in the Contemporary Age. Bloomsbury. pp. 171–189. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- ^ Adil Hussain Khan, From Sufism to Ahmadiyya: A Muslim Minority Movement in South Asia, Indiana University Press, 6 April 2015, p. 42.
- ^ "Ahmadis - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad 's “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam ... Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad.
- ^ "The Ahmadiyyah Movement - Islamic Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- ^ "Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.
Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks
