Multiplayer game
A multiplayer game has several players,[1] who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyse formally using game theory as the players may form coalitions.[2] The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment, or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory.
Game theory
John Nash proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are not allowed. He won the Nobel prize for economics for this important result which extended von Neumann's theory of zero-sum games. Such a stable strategy is called a Nash equilibrium.[3]
If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game is more complex. Many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and conflict, no good general theory has yet been developed.[3]
In quantum game theory, it has been found that the introduction of quantum information into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy which is not found in traditional games. The entanglement of players's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from betrayal.[4]
Types
Examples of multiplayer games for entertainment include:
- Party games – A social game played with a number of people, little equipment, and simple rules (e.g. Charades)[5]
- Card games – A game played with a deck of cards. (e.g. Contract Bridge)[5]
- Board games – A played on a game board with set rules. (e.g. Monopoly)
- Multiplayer computer games – played either on networked or individual computers
- Multiplayer online games – played over the Internet
- Massively multiplayer online role-playing games – a notable subset of online games
- Multiplayer video games – played on a video gaming system
See also
References
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2008.
Designed for or involving more than two (esp. many) players or participants
- ^ K. G. Binmore (1994). Game Theory and the Social Contract. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02444-6.
- ^ a b Laszlo Mero, Anna C. Gosi-Greguss, David Kramer (1998). Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty. New York: Copernicus. ISBN 0-387-98419-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Simon C. Benjamin and Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001). "Multiplayer quantum games". Physical Review A. 64 (3): 030301. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301.
- ^ a b R. Wayne Schmittberger (1992). New Rules for Classic Games. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-53621-0.