# Multiply-with-carry pseudorandom number generator

(Redirected from Multiply-with-carry)

In computer science, multiply-with-carry (MWC) is a method invented by George Marsaglia[1] for generating sequences of random integers based on an initial set from two to many thousands of randomly chosen seed values. The main advantages of the MWC method are that it invokes simple computer integer arithmetic and leads to very fast generation of sequences of random numbers with immense periods, ranging from around ${\displaystyle 2^{60}}$ to ${\displaystyle 2^{2000000}}$.

As with all pseudorandom number generators, the resulting sequences are functions of the supplied seed values.

## General theory

An MWC generator is a special form of Lehmer random number generator ${\displaystyle x_{n}=bx_{n-1}{\bmod {p}}}$ which allows efficient implementation of a prime modulus ${\displaystyle p}$ much larger than the machine word size.

Normal Lehmer generator implementations choose a modulus close to the machine word size. An MWC generator instead maintains its state in base ${\displaystyle b}$, so multiplying by ${\displaystyle b}$ is done implicitly by shifting one word. The base ${\displaystyle b}$ is typically chosen to equal the computer's word size, as this makes arithmetic modulo ${\displaystyle b}$ trivial. This may vary from ${\displaystyle b=2^{8}}$ for a microcontroller to ${\displaystyle b=2^{64}}$. (This article uses ${\displaystyle b=2^{32}}$ for examples.)

The initial state ("seed") values are arbitrary, except that they must not be all zero, nor all at the maximum permitted values (${\displaystyle x_{0}=b-1}$ and ${\displaystyle c_{0}=a-1}$ ). (This is commonly done by choosing ${\displaystyle c_{0}}$ between 1 and ${\displaystyle a-2}$.). The MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs ${\displaystyle x_{n},c_{n}}$ determined by

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(ax_{n-1}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {\,}}b,\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-1}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor }$

This is called a lag-1 MWC sequence. Sometimes an odd base is preferred, in which case ${\displaystyle b=2^{k}-1}$ can be used, which is almost as simple to implement. A lag-${\displaystyle r}$ sequence is a generalization of the lag-1 sequence allowing longer periods[2]. The lag-${\displaystyle r}$ MWC sequence is then a sequence of pairs ${\displaystyle x_{n},c_{n}}$ (for ${\displaystyle n>r}$) determined by

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {\,}}b,\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor }$

and the MWC generator output is the sequence of ${\displaystyle x}$'s,

${\displaystyle x_{r},x_{r+1},x_{r+2},...}$

In this case, the initial state ("seed") values must not be all zero nor ${\displaystyle x_{0}=b-1}$ and ${\displaystyle c_{r-1}=a-1}$.

The MWC multiplier ${\displaystyle a}$ and lag ${\displaystyle r}$ determine the modulus ${\displaystyle p=ab^{r}-1}$. In practice, ${\displaystyle a}$ is chosen so the modulus is prime and the sequence has long period. If the modulus is prime, The period of a lag-${\displaystyle r}$ MWC generator is the order of ${\displaystyle b}$ in the multiplicative group of numbers modulo ${\displaystyle p}$. While it is theoretically possible to choose a non-prime modulus, a prime modulus eliminates the possibility of the initial seed sharing a common divisor with the modulus, which would reduce the generator's period.

Because 2 is a quadratic residue of numbers of the form ${\displaystyle 8k\pm 1}$, ${\displaystyle b=2^{k}}$ cannot be a primitive root of ${\displaystyle p=ab^{r}-1}$. Therefore, MWC generators with base ${\displaystyle 2^{k}}$ have their parameters chosen so their period is (abr−1)/2. This is one of the difficulties that use of b = 2k − 1 overcomes.

The basic form of an MWC generator has parameters a, b and r, and r+1 words of state. The state consists of r residues modulo b

0 ≤ x0, x1, x2,..., xr−1 < b,

and a carry cr−1 < a.

Although the theory of MWC generators permits a > b, a is almost always chosen smaller for convenience of implementation.

The state transformation function of an MWC generator is one step of Montgomery reduction modulo p. The state is a large integer with most significant word cn−1 and least significant word xnr. Each step, xnr·(abr−1) is added to this integer. This is done in two parts: −1·xnr is added to xnr, resulting in a least significant word of zero. And second, a·xnr is added to the carry. This makes the integer one word longer, producing two new most significant words xn and cn.

So far, this has simply added a multiple of p to the state, resulting in a different representative of the same residue class modulo p. But finally, the state is shifted down one word, dividing by b. This discards the least significant word of zero (which, in practice, is never computed at all) and effectively multiplies the state by b−1 (mod p).

Thus, a multiply-with-carry generator is a Lehmer generator with modulus p and multiplier b−1 (mod p). This is the same as a generator with multiplier b, but producing output in reverse order, which does not affect the quality of the resultant pseudorandom numbers.

This in turn means that the mathematical techniques developed for such generators (such as the spectral test) can be applied to multiply-with-carry generators.

## Efficiency

A linear congruential generator with base b = 232 is implemented as

${\displaystyle x_{n+1}=(ax_{n}+c)\ {\bmod {\,}}2^{32},}$

where c is a constant. If a ≡ 1 (mod 4) and c is odd, the resulting base-232 congruential sequence will have period 232.[3]

This can be computed using only the low 32 bits of the product of a and the current x. However, many microprocessors can compute a full 64-bit product in almost the same time as the low 32 bits. Indeed, many compute the 64-bit product and then ignore the high half.

A lag-1 multiply-with-carry generator allows us to make the period nearly 263 by using almost the same computer operations, except that the top half of the 64-bit product is not ignored after the product is computed. Instead, a 64-bit sum is computed, and the top half is used as a new carry value c rather than the fixed additive constant of the standard congruential sequence: Compute ax+c in 64 bits, then use the top half as the new c, and bottom half as the new x.

## Choice of multiplier

With multiplier a specified, each pair of input values x, c is converted to a new pair,

${\displaystyle x\leftarrow (ax+c)\,{\bmod {\,}}2^{32},\ \ c\leftarrow \left\lfloor {\frac {ax+c}{2^{32}}}\right\rfloor .}$

If x and c are not both zero, then the period of the resulting multiply-with-carry sequence will be the order of b = 232 in the multiplicative group of residues modulo abr − 1, that is, the smallest n such that bn ≡ 1 (mod abr − 1).

If p = abr − 1 is prime, then Fermat's little theorem guarantees that the order of any element must divide p − 1 = abr − 2, so one way to ensure a large order is to choose a such that p is a "safe prime", that is both p and (p − 1)/2 = abr/2 − 1 are prime. In such a case, for b= 232 and r = 1, the period will be abr/2 − 1, approaching 263, which in practice may be an acceptably large subset of the number of possible 32-bit pairs (x, c).

More specifically, in such a case, the order of any element divides p − 1, and there are only four possible divisors: 1, 2, abr/2 − 1, or abr − 2. The first two apply only to the elements 1 and −1, and quadratic reciprocity arguments show that the fourth option cannot apply to b, so only the third option remains.

Following are some maximal values of a for computer applications which satisfy the above safe prime condition, for lag-1 generators:

Bits in a b Maximum a such that ab−1 is a safe prime Period
15 216 215−50 = 32,718 1,072,103,423
16 216 216−352 = 65,184 2,135,949,311
31 232 231−563 = 2,147,483,085 4,611,684,809,394,094,079
32 232 232−178 = 4,294,967,118 9,223,371,654,602,686,463
64 264 264−742 = 18,446,744,073,709,550,874 263(264−742)−1 ≈ 1.701×1038
128 2128 2128−10,408 2127(2128−10,408)−1 ≈ 5.790×1076
256 2256 2256−9166 2255(2256−9166)−1 ≈ 6.704×10153
512 2512 2512−150,736 2511(2512−150,736)−1 ≈ 8.988×10307

While a safe prime ensures that almost any element of the group has a large order, the period of the generator is specifically the order of b. For small moduli, more computationally expensive methods can be used to find multipliers a where the period is ab/2 − 1. The following are again maximum values of a of various sizes.

Bits in a br Maximum a such that
b has order abr/2−1
Period
8 28 28−7 = 249 31,871
8 (28)2 = 216 28−32 = 224 7,340,031
15 216 215−29 = 32,739 1,072,791,551
16 216 216−22 = 65,514 2,146,762,751
8 (28)4 = 232 28−64 = 192 412,316,860,415
15 (216)2 = 232 215−26 = 32,742 70,312,909,602,815
16 (216)2 = 232 216−2 = 65,534 140,733,193,388,031
31 232 231−68 = 2,147,483,580 4,611,685,872,398,499,839
32 232 232−76 = 4,294,967,220 9,223,371,873,646,018,559
8 (28)8 = 264 28−41 = 215 263(28−41)−1 ≈ 1.983×1021
15 (216)4 = 264 215−50 = 32,718 263(215−50)−1 ≈ 3.018×1023
16 (216)4 = 264 216−56 = 65,480 263(216−56)−1 ≈ 6.039×1023
31 (232)2 = 264 231−38 = 2,147,483,610 263(231−38)−1 ≈ 1.981×1028
32 (232)2 = 264 232−43 = 4,294,967,253 263(232−43)−1 ≈ 3.961×1028
63 264 263−140 = 9,223,372,036,854,775,668 263(263−140)−1 ≈ 8.507×1037
64 264 264−116 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,500 263(264−116)−1 ≈ 1.701×1038

## MWC generators as repeating decimals

The output of a multiply-with-carry generator is equivalent to the radix-b expansion of a fraction with denominator p = abr − 1. Here is an example for the simple case of b = 10 and r = 1, so the result is a repeating decimal.

Starting with ${\textstyle c_{0}=1,x_{0}=0}$, the MWC sequence

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(7x_{n-1}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {\,}}10,\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {7x_{n-1}+c_{n-1}}{10}}\right\rfloor ,}$

produces this sequence of states:

10,01,07,49,67,55,40,04,28,58,61,13,22,16,43,25,37,52,19,64,34,31, 10,01,07,...

with period 22. Consider just the sequence of xi:

0,1,7,9,7,5,0,4,8,8,1,3,2,6,3,5,7,2,9,4,4,1, 0,1,7,9,7,5,0,...

Notice that if those repeated segments of x values are put in reverse order:

${\displaystyle 1449275\cdots 9710\,1449275\cdots 9710\,144\cdots }$

we get the expansion j/(ab−1) with a=7, b=10, j=10:

${\displaystyle {\frac {10}{69}}=0.1449275362318840579710\,14492753623\ldots }$

This is true in general: The sequence of xs produced by a lag-r MWC generator:

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1}){\bmod {\,}}b\,,\ \ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor ,}$

when put in reverse order, will be the radix-b expansion of a fraction j/(abr − 1) for some 0 < j < abr.

## Equivalence to linear congruential generator

Continuing the above example, if we start with ${\textstyle x_{0}=34}$, and generate the ordinary congruential sequence

${\displaystyle x_{n}=7x_{n-1}\,{\bmod {\,}}69}$,

we get the period 22 sequence

31,10,1,7,49,67,55,40,4,28,58,61,13,22,16,43,25,37,52,19,64,34, 31,10,1,7,...

and that sequence, reduced mod 10, is

1,0,1,7,9,7,5,0,4,8,8,1,3,2,6,3,5,7,2,9,4,4, 1,0,1,7,9,7,5,0,...

the same sequence of x's resulting from the MWC sequence.

This is true in general, (but apparently only for lag-1 MWC sequences[citation needed]):

Given initial values ${\displaystyle x_{0},c_{0}}$, the sequence ${\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots }$ resulting from the lag-1 MWC sequence

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(ax_{n-1}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {b}}\,,\ \ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-1}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor }$

is exactly the Lehmer random number generator output sequence yn = ayn − 1 mod (ab − 1), reduced modulo b.

Choosing a different initial value y0 merely rotates the cycle of x's.

## Complementary-multiply-with-carry generators

Establishing the period of a lag-r MWC generator usually entails choosing multiplier a so that p = abr − 1 is prime. Then p − 1 will have to be factored in order to find the order of b mod p. If p is a safe prime, then this is simple, and the order of b will be either p − 1 or (p − 1)/2. In other cases, p − 1 may be difficult to factor.

However, the algorithm also permits a negative multiplier. This leads to a slight modification of the MWC procedure, and produces a modulus p = |abr − 1| = abr + 1. This makes p − 1 = abr easy to factor, making it practical to establish the period of very large generators.

The modified procedure is called complementary-multiply-with-carry (CMWC), and the setup is the same as that for lag-r MWC: multiplier a, base b, and r + 1 seeds,

x0, x1, x2, ..., xr−1, and cr−1.

The modification is to the generation of a new pair (x, c). Rearranging the computation to avoid negative numbers, the new x value is complemented by subtracting it from b − 1:

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(b-1)-(ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {\,}}b,\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-r}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor .}$

The resulting sequence of x's produced by the CMWC RNG will have period the order of b in the multiplicative group of residues modulo abr+1, and the output x's, in reverse order, will form the base b expansion of j/(abr+1) for some 0 < j < abr.

Use of lag-r CMWC makes it much easier to find periods for r's as large as 512, 1024, 2048, etc. (Making r a power of 2 makes it slightly simpler to access elements in the array containing the r most recent x's.)

Another advantage of this modified procedure is that the period is a multiple of b, so the output is exactly equidistributed mod b.[4] (The ordinary MWC, over its full period, produces each possible output an equal number of times except that zero is produced one time less, a bias which is negligible if the period is long enough.)

One disadvantage of the CMWC construction is that, with a power-of-two base, the maximum achievable period is less than for a similar-sized MWC generator; you lose several bits. Thus, an MWC generator is usually preferable for small lags. This can remedied by using b = 2k−1, or choosing a lag one word longer to compensate.

Some examples: With b = 232, and a = 109111 or 108798 or 108517, the period of the lag-1024 CMWC

${\displaystyle x_{n}=(b-1)-(ax_{n-1024}+c_{n-1})\,{\bmod {\,}}b,\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {ax_{n-1024}+c_{n-1}}{b}}\right\rfloor .}$

will be a·232762 = ab1024/64, about 109867.

With b = 232 and a = 3636507990, p = ab1359 − 1 is a safe prime, so the MWC sequence based on that a has period 3636507990·243487 ≈ 1013101.

With b = 232, a CMWC RNG with near record period may be based on the prime p = 15455296b42658 + 1. The order of b for that prime is 241489·21365056 ≈ 10410928.

## More general moduli

The MWC modulus of abr−1 is chosen to make computation particularly simple, but brings with it some disadvantages, notably that the period is at most half the modulus. There are several ways to generalize this, at the cost of more multiplications per iteration.

First, it is possible to add additional terms to the product, producing a modulus of the form arbr+asbs−1. This requires computing cnb + xn = arxnr + asxns. (The carry is limited to one word if ar + asb.)

However, this does not fix the period issue, which depends on the low bits of the modulus. Fortunately, the Montgomery reduction algorithm permits other moduli, as long as they are relatively prime to the base b, and this can be applied to permit a modulus of the form arbra0, for a wide range of values a0. To do this, precompute a−1
0
(mod b), and change the iteration as follows:[5]:3

${\displaystyle t=c_{n-1}+\sum _{1}^{r}a_{i}x_{n-i},\ c_{n}=\left\lfloor {\frac {t}{b}}\right\rfloor ,\ x_{n}=a_{0}^{-1}t{\bmod {b}}.}$

In the common case that b = 2k, a0 must be odd for the inverse to exist.

## Implementation

The following is an implementation of the CMWC algorithm in the C programming language. Also, included in the program is a sample initialization function. In this implementation the base is 232−1 and lag r=4096. The period of the resulting generator is about ${\displaystyle 2^{131104}}$.

// C99 Complementary Multiply With Carry generator
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

// How many bits in rand()?
// https://stackoverflow.com/a/27593398
#define LOG_1(n) (((n) >= 2) ? 1 : 0)
#define LOG_2(n) (((n) >= 1<<2) ? (2 + LOG_1((n)>>2)) : LOG_1(n))
#define LOG_4(n) (((n) >= 1<<4) ? (4 + LOG_2((n)>>4)) : LOG_2(n))
#define LOG_8(n) (((n) >= 1<<8) ? (8 + LOG_4((n)>>8)) : LOG_4(n))
#define LOG(n)   (((n) >= 1<<16) ? (16 + LOG_8((n)>>16)) : LOG_8(n))
#define BITS_TO_REPRESENT(n) (LOG(n) + !!((n) & ((n) - 1)))
#if ((RAND_MAX | (RAND_MAX >> 1)) != RAND_MAX)
#error "expected a RAND_MAX that is 2^n - 1!"
#endif
#define RAND_BITS BITS_TO_REPRESENT(RAND_MAX)

// CMWC working parts
#define CMWC_CYCLE 4096         // as Marsaglia recommends
#define CMWC_C_MAX 809430660    // as Marsaglia recommends
struct cmwc_state {
uint32_t Q[CMWC_CYCLE];
uint32_t c;	// must be limited with CMWC_C_MAX
unsigned i;
};

// Collect 32 bits of rand(). You are encouraged to use a better source instead.
uint32_t rand32(void)
{
uint32_t result = rand();
for (int bits = RAND_BITS; bits < 32; bits += RAND_BITS)
result = result << RAND_BITS | rand();
return result;
}

// Init the state with seed
void initCMWC(struct cmwc_state *state, unsigned int seed)
{
srand(seed);
for (int i = 0; i < CMWC_CYCLE; i++)
state->Q[i] = rand32();
do
state->c = rand32();
while (state->c >= CMWC_C_MAX);
state->i = CMWC_CYCLE - 1;
}

// CMWC engine
uint32_t randCMWC(struct cmwc_state *state)  //EDITED parameter *state was missing
{
uint64_t const a = 18782;	// as Marsaglia recommends
uint32_t const m = 0xfffffffe;	// as Marsaglia recommends
uint64_t t;
uint32_t x;

state->i = (state->i + 1) & (CMWC_CYCLE - 1);
t = a * state->Q[state->i] + state->c;
/* Let c = t / 0xffffffff, x = t mod 0xffffffff */
state->c = t >> 32;
x = t + state->c;
if (x < state->c) {
x++;
state->c++;
}
return state->Q[state->i] = m - x;
}

int main()
{
struct cmwc_state cmwc;
unsigned int seed = time(NULL);

initCMWC(&cmwc, seed);
printf("Random CMWC: %u\n", randCMWC(&cmwc));
}


## Usage

Because of simplicity, speed, quality (it passes statistical tests very well) and astonishing period, CMWC is known to be used in game development, particularly in modern roguelike games. It is informally known as the Mother of All PRNGs, a name originally coined by Marsaglia himself.[6] In libtcod, CMWC4096 replaced MT19937 as the default PRNG.[7]

1. ^ Marsaglia, George; Zaman, Arif (August 1995). "The Marsaglia Random Number CDROM including the Diehard Battery of Tests of Randomness". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)