Nanotube membrane
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Nanotube membranes are either a single, open-ended nanotube(CNT) or a film composed of an array of nanotubes that are oriented perpendicularly to the surface of an impermeable film matrix like the cells of a honeycomb. 'Impermeable' is essential here to distinguish nanotube membrane with traditional, well known porous membranes. Fluids and gas molecules may pass through the membrane en masse but only through the nanotubes. For instance, water molecules form ordered hydrogen bonds that act like chains as they pass through the CNTs. This results in an almost frictionless or atomically smooth interface between the nanotubes and water which relate to a “slip length” of the hydrophobic interface. Properties like the slip length that describe the non-continuum behavior of the water within the pore walls are disregarded in simple hydrodynamic systems and absent from the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Molecular dynamic simulations better characterize the flow of water molecules through the carbon nanotubes with a varied form of the Hagen–Poiseuille equation that takes into account slip length.[1][2]
Transport of polystyrene particles (60 and 100 nm diameter) through single-tube membranes (150 nm) was reported in 2000.[3] Soon after, ensemble membranes consisting of multi-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes were fabricated and studied.[4] It was shown that water can pass through the graphitic nanotube cores of the membrane at up to five magnitudes greater than classical fluid dynamics would predict, via the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, both for multiwall tubes (inner diameter 7 nm)[5] and double-wall tubes (inner diameter <2 nm).[6]
In experiments by Holt et al.,[6] pure water (~1.0020 cP viscosity) was transported through three samples of double-walled carbon nanotubes in a silicon nitride matrix with varying membrane fluxes and thicknesses. These membranes were found to have enhanced flow that was more than three orders of magnitude faster than the expected for no-slip hydrodynamic flow as calculated by the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. These results for nanotubes with the 1–2 nm diameter pores corresponded to about 10–40 water molecules per nm2 per nanosecond. In a similar experiment by Mainak Majumder et al.,[5] nanotubes of about 7 nm in diameter in solid polystyrene were tested for their fluid velocities. These results similarly showed that the nanotubes have long slip-planes and flow rates were found to be four to five orders of magnitude faster than conventional fluid flow predictions.
It was further demonstrated that the flow of water through carbon nanotube membranes (without filler matrix, thus flow on the outside surface of CNTs) can be controlled through the application of electric current.[7] Among many potential uses that nanotube membranes might one day be employed is the desalination of water.
Mitra et al. (8-14) has pioneered a novel architecture in producing CNT based membrane. This method creates a superior membrane by immobilizing carbon nanotubes in the pores and on the membrane surface. In their work, the CNTs are immobilized into polymeric or ceramic membranes leading to the development of unique membrane structure referred to as the carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (CNIM). This was achieved by immobilizing CNT from a dispersed form. Such membranes are robust, thermally stable, and possess high selectivity. The goal here is to immobilize CNTs such that their surfaces are free to interact directly with the solute. The membrane produced by this method has shown dramatic enhancements in flux and selectivity in various applications, such as sea water desalination (8,9), membrane extraction (10), water purification by the removal of volatile organics from water (11) and for micro scale membrane extraction for the analysis of water pollutants (12-14).
In all cases, the CNTs served as unique sorbents that enhanced mass transport across the membrane. For example, in the case of desalination the CNTs enhance the transport for water vapor while reducing the transmission of salt water, in the case of the removal of organics such as in the case of water purification, pervaporation and extraction, it preferentially permeates the organics which enhances membrane performance.
See also
Nanopore measurement in track etched membrane
Since the discovery of track-etched technology in the late 1960s, filter membranes with needed diameter have found application potential in various fields including food safety, Environmental pollution, biology, medicine, fuel cell, and chemistry.These track-etched membranes are typically made in polymer membrane through track-etching procedure, during which the polymer membrane is first irradiated by heavy ion beam to form tracks and then cylindrical pores or asymmetric pores are created along the track after wet etching.
As important as fabrication of the filter membranes with proper diameters, characterizations and measurements of these materials are of the same paramount. Until now, a few of methods have been developed, which can be classified into the following categories according to the physical mechanisms they exploited: Imaging methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM); fluid transports such as bubble point11 and gas transport; fluid adsorptions such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BEH), mercury porosimetry, liquid–vapor equilibrium (BJH), gas–liquid equilibrium (permoporometry) and liquid–solid equilibrium (thermoporometry); electronic conductance; ultrasonic spectroscopy;19 Molecular Transport.
More recently, the use of light transmission technique [8] as a method for nanopore size measurement has been proposed.
References
- ^ Hummer, G.; Rasaiah, J. C.; Noworyta, J. P. (2001). "Water conduction through the hydrophobic channel of a carbon nanotube". Nature. 414 (6860): 188–90. Bibcode:2001Natur.414..188H. doi:10.1038/35102535. PMID 11700553.
- ^ Sholl, D. S.; Johnson, JK (2006). "Making High-Flux Membranes with Carbon Nanotubes". Science. 312 (5776): 1003–4. doi:10.1126/science.1127261. PMID 16709770.
- ^ Li Sun, and Richard M. Crooks (2000). "Single Carbon Nanotube Membranes: A Well-Defined Model for Studying Mass Transport through Nanoporous Materials". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (49): 12340–12345. doi:10.1021/ja002429w.
- ^ Hinds, B. J.; Chopra, N; Rantell, T; Andrews, R; Gavalas, V; Bachas, LG (2004). "Aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube membranes". Science. 303 (5654): 62–5. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...62H. doi:10.1126/science.1092048. PMID 14645855.
- ^ a b Majumder, Mainak; Chopra, Nitin; Andrews, Rodney; Hinds, Bruce J. (2005). "Nanoscale hydrodynamics: Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes". Nature. 438 (7064): 44. Bibcode:2005Natur.438...44M. doi:10.1038/438044a. PMID 16267546.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|layurl=ignored (help) - ^ a b Holt, J. K.; Park, HG; Wang, Y; Stadermann, M; Artyukhin, AB; Grigoropoulos, CP; Noy, A; Bakajin, O (2006). "Fast Mass Transport Through Sub-2-Nanometer Carbon Nanotubes". Science. 312 (5776): 1034–7. Bibcode:2006Sci...312.1034H. doi:10.1126/science.1126298. PMID 16709781.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|layurl=ignored (help) - ^ Wang, Zuankai; Ci, Lijie; Chen, Li; Nayak, Saroj; Ajayan, Pulickel M.; Koratkar, Nikhil (2007). "Polarity-Dependent Electrochemically Controlled Transport of Water through Carbon Nanotube Membranes". Nano Lett. 7 (3): 697–702. Bibcode:2007NanoL...7..697W. doi:10.1021/nl062853g. PMID 17295548.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|laysummary=ignored (help) - ^ Li Yang, Qingfeng Zhai, Guijuan Li, Hong Jiang, Lei Han, Jiahai Wang, Erkang Wang (October 2013). "Light Transmission Technique for Pore Size Measurement in Track-Etched Membranes". Chemical Communication. 49 (97): 11415–7. doi:10.1039/c3cc45841e. PMID 24169442.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
8. : "Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Membrane Distillation of Simultaneous Generation of Pure Water and Concentrating Pharmaceutical Waste". Ken Gethard, Ornthida Sae-Khow, Somenath Mitra. 90, 239-245, . Separation and Purification Technology. 2012
9.:::"Water Desalination Using Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Membrane Distillation". Ken Gethard, Ornthida Sae-Khow, Somenath Mitra. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2011, 3, 110–114.
10.:::“Simultaneous Extraction and Concentration in Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Hollow Fiber Membranes”. Ornthida Sae-Khow and Somenath Mitra. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82 (13), 5561-5567.
11.:::"Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Composite Hollow Fiber Membranes for Pervaporative Removal of Volatile Organics from water" ”. Ornthida Sae-Khow and Somenath Mitra. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010, 114,16351-16356.
12.:::“Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes Immobilized Porous Polymeric Membranes”. Ornthida Sae-Khow and Somenath Mitra. J. Mater. Chem., 2009, 19 (22), 3713-3718.
13.:: "Carbon Nanotube Mediated Microscale Membrane Extraction”. K. Hylton, Y. Chen, S. Mitra, J. Chromatogr. A., 2008, 1211, 43-48.
14.:: "Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Polar Membranes for Enhanced Extraction of Polar Analytes”. Madhuleena. Bhadra, Somenath. Mitra. Analyst. 2012, 137, 4464-4468.