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National Bolshevik Party

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National Bolshevik Party
Национал-большевистская партия
AbbreviationNBP, Nazbols, Limonovites
LeaderEduard Limonov
Founders
Founded1 May 1993; 33 years ago (1993-05-01)
Legalised16 August 2005; 21 years ago (2005-08-16)[4]
Banned7 August 2007; 19 years ago (2007-08-07)[5]
Succeeded byThe Other Russia
National Bolshevik Front[6]
HeadquartersNBP Bunker, 17 Maria Ulyanova St., Building 1, Moscow
NewspaperLimonka
MembershipSteady 56,500+ (March 2007 est.)
IdeologyNational Bolshevism
National communism
Neo-Stalinism[7]
Neo-Sovietism
Anti-Yeltsinism
Anti-Putinism
Anti-NATO
Left-wing nationalism
Russian nationalism
Russian irredentism
Eurasianism
Soviet patriotism
Political positionSyncretic
CoalitionNational Salvation Front (1992–1993)
The Other Russia (2006–2010)
Colours  Red   White   Black
Anthem"Гимн НБП"[8][9]
(lit. 'Anthem of the NBP')[a]
Party flag
Other flag:
Website
web.archive.org/web/20070103064031
  1. ↑ Created by Dmitri Maximovich Shostakovich

The National Bolshevik Party (Russian: Национал-большевистская партия, НБП, romanized: Natsional-bolshevistskaya partiya, NBP) was a Russian political party that operated from 1993 until it was banned in 2007. Its members were known as Nazbols (Russian: нацболы).[10]

Founded in 1993 by writer Eduard Limonov, political philosopher Aleksandr Dugin, and punk musician Yegor Letov, the NBP was seen as an attempt to unite left-wing and right-wing extremists on the same platform,[11] with Ilya Ponomarev characterising the party as having "used a bizarre mixture of totalitarian and fascist symbols, geopolitical dogma, leftist ideas, and national-patriotic demagoguery."[12] Dugin left the party in 1998, and from the early 2000s, the NBP focused on human rights activism as part of the anti-Putin movement in Russia, becoming known for its direct action tactics. In 2006, the NBP, alongside Garry Kasparov's United Civil Front and the Vanguard of Red Youth, formed The Other Russia coalition.[13]

In 2007, the NBP was declared an extremist organization by the Supreme Court of Russia and was banned. The NBP was, at the time, the only large-scale nationwide organization officially recognized by a court as extremist under the Law on Combating Extremist Activity.

There have been smaller NBP groups in other post-Soviet countries, as well as in the United States and Israel. The party's official publication, the newspaper Limonka, derived its name from Limonov's surname and from the idiomatic Russian word for a grenade. The main editor of Limonka was, for many years, Aleksey Volynets. In 2010, Limonov and other former members founded a new party, The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov.[14]

Ideology

[edit]

Party platform

[edit]
Members of the National Bolshevik Party at a protest rally in Moscow with a copy of the Limonka newspaper (photo by Mikhail Evstafiev)

The NBP claimed inspiration from the National Bolshevik ideas that arose during the Russian Civil War, such as those of Nikolai Ustryalov, who came to believe that Bolshevism could be modified to serve nationalistic purposes. His followers, the Smenovekhovtsy, who then came to regard themselves as National Bolsheviks, borrowed the term from German politician Ernst Niekisch, who was initially associated with left-wing politics and later National Bolshevism. However, the NBP differed from their cited historical inspirations; while Ustryalov advocated for capitalism, the NBP instead agitated for nationalisation and a welfare state. According to scholar Marta Żakowska, the party's ideology "aligns more closely with recent leftist philosophical thought than with the historical projects it alludes to in its name".[15]

The NBP's ideology and style were initially modeled after Italian fascism[16] while the party simultaneously defended the Soviet Union's domestic policies, specifically those implemented under Stalinism, asserting that they were a means of preserving the country's "national and social justice."[17] The party was described by observers as a mixture of far-left and far-right ideology,[15] including among its members Soviet nostalgics as well as skinheads.[18]

According to the 1994 program, the global goal of National Bolshevism is the creation of an "Empire from Vladivostok to Gibraltar based on the Russian civilization," and the essence of National Bolshevism lies in "a withering hatred for the anti-human system of the trinity: liberalism/democracy/capitalism. A man of rebellion, a National Bolshevik sees his mission in destroying the system to its foundations. A traditionalist, hierarchical society will be built on the ideals of spiritual masculinity and social and national justice." National Bolshevism's external enemy was identified as "the Great Satan – the USA and the European mondialists". The party's aim after achieving power was to build "a total state, where human rights will give way to the rights of the nation" and "any separatist aspirations of national minorities will be ruthlessly suppressed". The party's economic program was to "terminate all agreements with the West" and build an autarkic socialist "economic dictatorship" with progressive nationalization.[19] Other party positions included "the establishment of Russian sheriffs, empowered to deliver the culprit dead or alive; the live broadcasting of executions on television; a ban on abortions; and a legal obligation for all women between 25 and 35 years of age to give birth to at least four children".[11]

After Dugin's departure from the party in 1998 and during Limonov's prison sentence in 2001-2003, the NBP experienced an ideological shift under the guidance of Vladimir Linderman, Limonov's second-in-command. Moving away from its previous right-wing and authoritarian positions, the party's main focus became human rights and pro-democratic activism, while retaining its Russian nationalism, anti-NATO sentiment, and left-wing economic positions.[11][17] In its later years, the party publicly denounced fascism and rejected "any form of xenophobia, antisemitism, or racial intolerance" in favor of Great Russian civic nationalism; the party advocated for Russian nationalism on the basis of culture and language rather than ethnicity.[17]

Limonov explained this ideological shift, stating:

Why would we bother playing with fascism anymore when the Kremlin is already fascist? […] We are an opposition party. And today the most radical position of all is to fight for democracy and elections — against Putin’s fascism.[20]

On 29 November 2004, at the party's fifth congress, a new program was adopted. According to the new program, "the main goal of the National Bolshevik Party is to transform Russia into a modern, powerful state, respected by other countries and peoples and beloved by its own citizens". The program demanded the free development of civil society, freedom of independent media, public oversight of law enforcement, an end to the Second Chechen War via negotiation, and the protection of the rights of Russian-speaking people outside of Russia. The program was highly critical of Vladimir Putin's government and state institutions, stating that "the activities of the FSB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs today pose no less of a threat to the security of Russian citizens than Chechen terrorists".[21]

On the difference between the 1994 and 2004 programs, the party stated:

The NBP doesn't change its ideology, but our ideology evolves and develops based on the current reality. In the mid-1990s, when the NBP began its existence, the party's main slogans were national and social justice. The ideal state structure was a total state based on strict discipline. It envisioned harsh punishment for those directly responsible for the collapse of the country, "privatization," and "shock therapy." This was a response to the rampant "democratic" permissiveness.

However, after Putin came to power, a "tightening of the screws" and political repression of dissent (primarily the NBP) began. Under these conditions, advocating for totalitarian slogans became simply stupid and politically illiterate. Therefore, to the demands for national and social justice, the National Bolsheviks added a third component: the demand for civil and political liberties.[17]

According to an FAQ document published by the party in 2005, the NBP "advocates social justice in the economy, imperial dominance in foreign policy, and civil and political freedoms in domestic politics" and that "a National Bolshevik state is harsh on the outside, against external enemies, and soft on the inside, for its own citizens (unlike today's Russia, whose government constantly compromises national interests on the global stage while oppressing its own people)." In economic policy, the document called for nationalisation of oligarch property and for state funds to be redistributed as reparations for privatisation; in foreign policy, it claimed as the party's goal the restoration of the USSR "as a counterweight to the growing appetites of the United States" but also to "fight against creeping Chinese expansion"; in domestic policy, it condemned Vladimir Putin's administration as "oligarchic, despotic, and anti-national" and the Kadyrov family as a "criminal clan".[17]

Speaking on the colour revolutions, the document voiced ambivalent support:

The National Bolsheviks are studying the practice of velvet revolutions. We admire the people taking to the streets and squares of Kiev chanting, "We are not cattle! We are not goats!" A bloodless, non-violent revolution is one of the models of action that can lead the opposition to victory. From this perspective, we support the Maidan. On the other hand, it is clear to us that Yushchenko and Saakashvili, who came to power through a velvet coup, are politicians hostile to Russia and puppets of the West. In this sense, the National Bolshevik Party is a staunch opponent of such "orange" forces.[17]

Counterculture

[edit]
National Bolsheviks during a demonstration

Since its formation, the National Bolshevik Party has had relationships with the Russian counterculture in Russia, the post-Soviet countries, and Israel.[11][15] National Bolsheviks often used shock aesthetics from the punk subculture in their propaganda.[22][23] The NBP attracted a significant number of artists, punk musicians, and rock bands;[24][25] bands involved in the party included Kalinov Most,[2] Volshebnaya Gora [ru], Korrozia Metalla, Zapreshchennye barabanshchiki [ru], Krasnye Zvezdy [ru], Pop-Mechanics,[11], Nozh dlya frau Myuller [ru], Banda chetyryokh [ru],[17] Rodina [ru], Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu, and Grazhdanskaya Oborona.[26] Some of these bands performed as part of the NBP-affiliated rock project Russkiy proryv ("Russian Breakthrough").[27]

Party symbolism

[edit]

The symbols of the National Bolshevik Party are a combination of communist, national socialist, and Imperial Russian symbols; the party nonetheless denied any link to fascism and national socialism.[17] The party's flag was first unveiled at a Yegor Letov concert in Moscow in 1993.[2]

2
3
4
The NBP's flag (center) is similar to the flag of Nazi Germany (left), with a white circle on a red field, yet with the hammer and sickle symbol of the flag of the Soviet Union (right) instead of the swastika.

The party's motto was "Russia is everything, the rest is nothing!" (Russian: "Россия — всё, остальное — ничто!"), and it adopted the greeting "Yes, death!" (Russian: "Да, смерть!").[17][28]

History

[edit]

1992–2000: origins and early years

[edit]
National Bolshevik Party activists at a rally in support of Boris Yeltsin's impeachment, 15 May 1999

In 1992, Eduard Limonov founded the National Bolshevik Front (NBF) as an amalgamation of six minor groups.[29] Aleksandr Dugin was among the earliest members and was instrumental in convincing Limonov to enter politics. The front first attracted attention in the same year when two members were arrested for possessing grenades. The incident gave the NBF publicity for a boycott campaign they were organizing against Western goods.[30] The NBF joined forces with the National Salvation Front (NSF), which was a broad coalition of Russian communists and nationalists.[31]

The NSF was one of the leading groups involved in the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, and Limonov participated in the clashes near the White House in Moscow on the side of the anti-Yeltsin opposition.[32] When others within the coalition began to speak out against the NBF, it withdrew from the alliance.[33]

On 1 May 1993, Limonov and Dugin signed the declaration of the founding of the NBP:[3]

The political struggle in Russia has reached a critical point. The resistance phase has exhausted itself, and therefore the traditional opposition (merely emotional, purely protest-based) has exhausted itself. The period of resistance is over, and a period of national uprising is beginning.

This new stage requires new methods, new forms, and new instruments of political struggle. Therefore, we deem it necessary to create a radical political and ideological structure of a new, unprecedented type, designed to adequately respond to the challenge of History. Let there be National Bolshevism!

What is National Bolshevism? The fusion of the most radical forms of social resistance with the most radical forms of national resistance is National Bolshevism.

Along with Dugin and Limonov, a co-founding member of the party was Siberian punk musician Yegor Letov, who was invited by Limonov. According to Limonov, Letov's membership in the party drew "thousands of recruits over the years", but he "proved to be inconsistent, capricious, and unpredictable". Letov left the party around 1996.[2] Other prominent musicians who were members of the NBP included Sergey Kuryokhin, Sergei "Pauk" Troitsky of Korrozia Metalla, Dmitry Revyakin of Kalinov Most, Limonov's then-wife Nataliya Medvedeva,[2] Aleksandr Nepomnyashchiy, and Roman Konoplev.[11] Artists who collaborated with the party included writers Alexei Tsvetkov and Zakhar Prilepin, filmmaker Oleg Mavromati, and mathematician Misha Verbitsky.[15]

On 28 November 1994, Limonov founded the Limonka, the official newspaper of the NBP.[citation needed]

In 1998, Dugin left the NBP after a conflict with Limonov.[16][34] This led to the party moving further left in Russia's political spectrum, and led to members of the party denouncing Dugin and his group as fascists.[12] Dugin later established the Eurasia Party, which endorses a significantly more radical nationalist and socially conservative view of National Bolshevism.[35]

2001–2003: arrest of Eduard Limonov

[edit]

Limonov and some National Bolsheviks were jailed in April 2001 on charges of terrorism, the forced overthrow of the constitutional order, and the illegal purchase of weapons. Based on an article published in Limonka under Limonov's byline,[36] the government accused Limonov of planning to start an armed insurgency in Kazakhstan.[37]

After Limonov's arrest, party members started activities (including direct action stunts) against Putin's government.[38] In 2002, NBP members participated in Anticapitalism 2002, a demonstration of far-left forces in Moscow.[39] National Bolsheviks clashed with OMON.[40] In 2003, Limonov was released from Lefortovo Prison.[41]

2004–2007: in opposition to the government

[edit]
National Bolshevik Party flags during a Dissenters' March rally in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on 3 March 2007

Since 2004, the NBP has formed alliances with other opposition forces, both far-left and right-wing. In 2004, Limonov signed the declaration titled "Russia without Putin."[42] In August 2006, a right-wing anti-Limonov faction of the NBP formed the National Bolshevik Front,[43] which became officially affiliated with Dugin's Eurasian Youth Union.[15]

On 2 August 2006, Limonov filed a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights regarding Rosreestr's refusal to officially register the NBP as a political party, claiming that this refusal is "an act of state suppression of the political opposition in the Russian Federation." In its refusal, dated January 2006, Rosreestr determined that the NBP's founding congress lacked a quorum and that its program "contains elements of nationalist agendas expressed in the stated goal of protecting the rights of Russian and Russian-speaking people," which violates Article 9 of the Law "On Political Parties."[44]

The NBP became a prominent member of The Other Russia coalition of opposition parties.[13] In 2007, the NBP members took part in a Dissenters' March and other subsequent demonstrations against the government.[45]

2007–2010: outlawed and aftermath

[edit]
National Bolsheviks attack a polling station in Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast, during the 2007 Russian legislative election to protest the ban of the party

The NBP was banned by a Russian lower court in June 2005; the Supreme Court of Russia overturned that ban on 16 August 2005. In November 2005, the Supreme Court upheld a ban on the party on the grounds that the NBP called itself a political party without being registered as such.[citation needed]

On 19 April 2007, the Moscow City Court, pursuant to Articles 7 and 9 of the Federal Law "On Combating Extremist Activity", declared the NBP to be extremist and banned its activities in Russia; on 7 August, the Supreme Court of Russia upheld this decision,[46] recognizing the NBP as an extremist organization and confirming the ban.[47] The decision was based on three incidents:

  • A warning issued to the Chelyabinsk branch of the NBP for several publications in its newspaper, PARA BELLUM, in 2005-2006, for which three of its authors were convicted on charges of inciting ethnic hatred, calling for extremist activity, and attempting to organize mass riots. However, this group of Chelyabinsk National Bolsheviks led an intra-party split composed of a consistently nationalist-oriented section of the NBP activists dissatisfied with the leadership's new political course. As a result, a large group of NBP members, including those responsible for these publications, were expelled from the NBP by a decision of the NBP Political Council on 11 March 2006. This was followed by a public disassociation from the "Chelyabinsk splitters" on the NBP website, which, among other things, stated that one of them had been expelled for an article that later figured in his case;
  • A direct action at a session of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg on 22 November 2006 by three National Bolsheviks who distributed leaflets and allegedly used violence against police officers;
  • A direct action at a polling station in Odintsovo, Moscow Oblast, on 11 March 2007, during the elections to the Moscow Oblast Duma, by three National Bolsheviks, who lit smoke flares, attempted to distribute leaflets, and overturned a ballot box, and also injured the hand of the chairperson of the election commission who tried to stop them.[48][49]

By 2008, the St. Petersburg court dropped the criminal prosecutions of the activists who participated in the action at the Legislative Assembly. On this basis, Limonov insisted that this annulled one of the counts for which the party was recognised as extremist and appealed for the Supreme Court to review the case in light of this. However, this appeal was denied on 1 April 2008.[50]

Regarding the ban, Moscow Helsinki Group activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva stated:

The NBP has evolved from a shocking hooligan party to a normal party with democratic ideals. And now it's being accused of extremism. If they had previously declared the Movement Against Illegal Immigration, the Union of Orthodox Banner-Bearers, and other such people, and the NBP along with them, extremists, and then said they didn't look into it, took it as a whole, didn't notice the evolution... But no, they did notice — that's precisely why they declared it. If Limonov hadn't joined The Other Russia, I assure you, it would have existed peacefully.[51]

Human rights activist Lev Ponomaryov stated:

The National Bolsheviks were a fairly extremist organization ten years ago, but they're being tried for what they represent now, and now they stand for civil rights and freedoms.[51]

In 2009, former NBP members took part in Strategy-31, a series of civic protests in support of the right to peaceful assembly.[52][53] In July 2010, the National Bolsheviks founded a new political party, The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov.[14]

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights found that there was a violation of Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights on account of the dissolution of the NBP association in 2004 and on account of the refusal to register the NBP as a political party, and awarded €10,000 jointly to Limonov's two teenage children and four party members, including Aleksandr Averin and Andrei Dmitriev.[54][55]

Tactics

[edit]

The NBP often relied on non-violent direct action stunts, mostly involving throwing food at prominent government officials and occupation of government buildings. The party cited the Greenpeace movement as an inspiration in its tactics.[17] Drawing on Western protest culture, the party was one of the first groups in Russia to adopt direct action and flash mob tactics[38] and inspired others in the opposition movement to do so; those influenced by the NBP's tactics include the organisations Vanguard of Red Youth, Oborona, and Youth Yabloko and activist Petr Pavlensky.[56] Justifying its use of direct action tactics over traditional party campaigning, the NBP stated: "The government cuts off all forces it deems undesirable from the electoral process. [...] In response to being squeezed out of mainstream politics, the National Bolsheviks began organizing direct actions to make their position known. Traditional rallies and marches have long been ineffective, as they are usually ignored by those in power."[17]

Notable direct actions

[edit]

On 24 August 1999, sixteen NBP activists occupied a tower of the Sailors' Club in Sevastopol on Ukraine's Independence Day, hanging the party flag from the building and distributing leaflets. The protest was performed under the slogan "Sevastopol is a Russian city!" and aimed against "Ukraine's occupation of Sevastopol, the State Duma's ratification of the treaty with Ukraine, and Ukraine's accession to NATO." The occupation lasted for over two hours until the building was stormed by Russian marines from the Black Sea Fleet and the activists were arrested by Ukrainian police. Some of the activists were sentenced to prison.[57]

On 17 November 2000, NBP activists seized the belltower of St. Peter's Church in Riga, threatening to detonate a hand grenade and demanding that the Latvian government "immediately release all Soviet war veterans languishing behind bars, grant equal rights to Russians in Latvia, and renounce the bid to join NATO" as well as release NBP members in custody in Latvia. During the occupation, the activists unfurled an NBP flag from the tower and a banner with the slogan, "Freedom for our veterans". After two hours, the activists surrendered, and it was later revealed that the grenade was a fake. Three of the activists, all Russian citizens, were charged with terrorism, but during the trial, their charges were reduced to hooliganism; they were extradited to Russia and released by 2003.[58][59]

During Prince Charles' tour of the Baltic states in 2001, a member of the Latvian branch of the NBP hit Charles' face with a flower in an act of protest against the war in Afghanistan.[60][61] During the 2002 Prague summit, two NBP members threw tomatoes at Secretary General of NATO George Robertson, shouting, "NATO is worse than the Gestapo", "no to the expansion of NATO", and "the blood of children is on your hands" in Russian.[62][63]

On 3 December 2003, NBP activists occupied the roof of the Ministry of Justice building in Moscow as a protest against the Ministry's fifth refusal to register the NBP as a political party and unfair elections. Some activists forced their way inside and attempted to deliver a petition for registration to Minister of Justice Yury Chaika, while others held a rally by the entrance of the building. The activists hung banners from the roof with the slogans "Freedom or death!" and "We will teach you to love the constitution!". The activists were detained after the protest.[64]

On 3 March 2004, NBP members occupied the United Russia headquarters in Moscow in protest against Putin and government policy. All protestors, as well as Kommersant correspondent Oleg Kashin, were detained afterward.[65] On 22 June 2004, NBP activists occupied the German Industrial Trade Center in Moscow on the anniversary of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, unfurling a banner with the inscription, "Never forget! Never forgive!" and chanting "Russia is everything, everything else is nothing" and "Putin is a German spy."[66][67] On 2 August 2004, a group of NBP members occupied the Ministry of Health and Social Development building in Moscow in protest against social benefits reform. During the occupation, they stormed the office of Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov, who was not there at the time.[68][69] Police arrested most of the participants, and on 12 December 2004, seven activists were found guilty of "hooliganism and intentional damage to property" and each sentenced to five years in prison.[70] On 14 December 2004, NBP members occupied the presidential-administration visitors' room to protest against government policy. Police arrested thirty-nine activists, with many of them being sentenced to prison.[71]

On 25 September 2006, National Bolsheviks occupied the Ministries of Finances building in Moscow to protest against liberal economic policy.[72][73][74]

International groups

[edit]

The National Bolshevik Party founded branches across the post-Soviet states. The most active branches outside of Russia were in Latvia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Several small associated groups, often made up of Russian immigrants, also existed in countries across Europe and North America.[75] Most of them did not have official registration.

Israel

[edit]

An Israeli chapter of the NBP, known as Another Israel, was active in the mid-2000s. It was influenced by Eurasianism, supporting Israel on the grounds that it is geopolitically located in "Eurasia", while also maintaining a critical stance of the government of Ariel Sharon. They were in close contact with the Russian branch.[76]

Latvia

[edit]

Latvia's NBP has had members hold office in Riga,[77] and has executed notable publicity stunts, but it remains largely marginal there.[78] The Latvian branch has been led by Vladimir Linderman and Benes Ayo.[79][80][81][82][83] In 2003, Linderman was accused of storing explosives and of calling for the overthrow of the political system.[84] He left Latvia and moved to Russia. In 2005, during the visit of George W. Bush in Latvia, local national Bolsheviks and the Vanguard of Red Youth organized meetings "against American imperialism". Police broke up a demonstration and arrested its participants.[85][86] The Latvian NBP was also active in anti-capitalist demonstrations and in anti-Nazi blockades during Remembrance Day of the Latvian Legionnaires.[87][88]

Moldova

[edit]

A chapter of the NBP existed in Moldova.[89]

Sweden

[edit]

A chapter of the NBP existed in Sweden. [90]

Ukraine

[edit]

Largely based in Eastern Ukraine, the NBP initially joined forces with other small parties and signed a "Declaration of the Kiev Council of Slav Radical Nationalists" together with Ukrainian nationalists.[91] Later, Ukrainian National Bolsheviks participated in demonstrations against Ukrainian nationalists on the anniversary of the founding of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.[92] National Bolsheviks also organized actions against the rapprochement of Ukraine–NATO relations.[93] During the Orange Revolution, the Ukrainian NBP decided to remain neutral. National Bolsheviks also formed armed troop interbrigades and participated in the war in Donbas.[94][95]

United States

[edit]

An NBP chapter existed in the United States around 2005. It espoused a Third Positionist worldview, describing itself as "Beyond the Left and Right" and rejecting both capitalism and Marxism.[96]

Controversy

[edit]

Critics of the NBP in both Russia and the West commented on the party's heavy use of totalitarian and fascist symbols.[12] Some academics have described the group as neo-fascist.[97] In the Russian media, the National Bolshevik Party was usually referred to as a far-left youth movement; however, some critics (including ex-members) allege that the NBP was dedicated to committing a colour revolution in Russia.[98][99][100]

Notable members

[edit]

Current

[edit]

Until banning of the NBP in 2007

Former

[edit]

Deceased

[edit]

Media depictions

[edit]

Films

[edit]

Books

[edit]

By Eduard Limonov

  • Anatomy of a Hero (1997)
  • My Political Biography (2002)
  • Russian Psycho (2003)
  • The Other Russia (2003)

By other authors

  • Ultranormalnost (2005), a novel by Natan Dubovitskiy
  • Generation of Limonka (2005),[103] a collection of short stories by multiple young Russian authors
  • The Gospel of the Extremist (2005), a novel by Roman Konoplev
  • Sankya (2006), a novel by Zakhar Prilepin
  • The Way of the Hongweibin (2006), a novel by Dmitri Zhvaniya
  • A Russian Diary: A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia a book by Anna Politkovskaya
  • Truth of the Trenches of the Chechen War (2007),[104] a collection of articles by multiple Russian authors
  • 12 Who Don't Agree (2009), a non-fiction book by Valery Panyushkin
  • Girls of the Party (2011), a photo-album by Sergei Belyak
  • Limonka to Prison (2012),[105][106] a novel by NBP political prisoners
  • Limonov (2011), a biographical novel by Emmanuel Carrère
  • Religion of the Furious (2013), a novel by Ekaterina Rysk

Other

[edit]
  • Orda, a comic book by Igor Baranko

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Curtis, Adam (18 January 2012). "THE YEARS OF STAGNATION AND THE POODLES OF POWER". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Limonov, Eduard. "Punk and national-bolshevism". nazbol.cc. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Декларация о создании НБП" [Declaration on the establishment of the NBP]. 21 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Верховный суд России отменил запрет Национал-большевистской партии" [Russia's Supreme Court overturned the ban on the National Bolshevik Party]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  5. ↑ "Лимонов использует НБП незаконно. И вообще он не Лимонов" [Limonov is using the NBP illegally. And he's not Limonov at all]. utro.ru. 12 July 2006.
  6. ↑ "Другая Россия" [The Other Russia]. Perebezhchik. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  7. ↑ Kaminskij, Konstantin (2012). "Stalin-Kult 2.0. Stalin-Kult in russischen Medien des 21. Jahrhunderts" [Stalin Cult 2.0. The Stalin Cult in 21st-Century Russian Media]. Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte (in German). 16: 165–188. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  8. ↑ "Дмитрий Шостакович - Гимн НБП". 15 December 2015 – via www.youtube.com.
  9. ↑ "Пой, партия, пой!". www.b-port.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Laruelle, Marlène (2014). Russian Nationalism, Foreign Policy and Identity Debates in Putin's Russia: New Ideological Patterns after the Orange Revolution. Columbia University Press. p. 147. ISBN 9783838263250. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rogatchevski, Andrei; Steinholt, Yngvar (21 October 2015). "Pussy Riot's Musical Precursors? The National Bolshevik Party Bands, 1994–2007". Popular Music and Society. 39 (4): 448–464. doi:10.1080/03007766.2015.1088287. S2CID 192339798.
  12. 1 2 3 Yasmann, Victor (29 April 2005). "Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  13. 1 2 Stolyarova, Galina (6 March 2007). "Thousands Take to City Streets for Protest". The St. Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Лимонов готов стать гламурным политиком". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. 12 July 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2026.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Żakowska, Marta. "Феномен национал-большевистского движения: идеологический, социальный и культурный аспекты" [The phenomenon of the National Bolshevik movement: ideological, social and cultural aspects]. socionauki.
  16. 1 2 Maler, Arkady (14 February 2005). "Национал-большевизм: конец темы" [National Bolshevism: End of Topic]. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "НБП - FAQ" [NBP - FAQ]. Nazbol.ru. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009.
  18. ↑ Colosimo, Veronika (12 July 2013). "Édouard Limonov, l'imprécateur des lettres russes" [Eduard Limonov, the imprecator of Russian literature]. Le Figaro (in French).
  19. ↑ "ПРОГРАММА НАЦИОНАЛ-БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКОЙ ПАРТИИ (1994)" [Program of the National Bolshevik Party (1994)]. nbp-info.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
  20. ↑ Bennetts, Marc (2014). Kicking the Kremlin. London: Oneworld. p. 40.
  21. ↑ "Program of the National Bolshevik Party". nbp-info.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
  22. ↑ Fenghi, Fabrizio (4 March 2017). "Making post-Soviet counterpublics: the aesthetics of Limonka and the National-Bolshevik Party". Nationalities Papers. 45: 182–205. doi:10.1080/00905992.2016.1266607 – via ResearchGate.
  23. ↑ "Punk and national-bolshevism". 23 October 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013.
  24. ↑ Rogatchevski, Andrei; Steinholt, Yngvar B. (7 August 2016). "Pussy Riot's Musical Precursors? The National Bolshevik Party Bands, 1994–2007". Popular Music and Society. 39 (4): 448–464. doi:10.1080/03007766.2015.1088287. S2CID 192339798 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  25. ↑ Shumov, Vasily; RBTH, special to (18 August 2013). "Russian punks: The ideology, music and lifestyle". Russia Beyond.
  26. ↑ "Родина. Инструкция по Выживанию. Гражданская Оборона. СК "Крылья Советов". 1994 год" [Rodina. Instruktsiya po Vyzhivaniyu. Grazhdanskaya Oborona. Kryl'ya Sovetov Sports Complex. 1994]. 6 March 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2026 – via YouTube.
  27. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Socionauki was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ↑ Shenfield, Stephen (2016). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies and Movements. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 9781315500041. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  29. ↑ Lee, p. 314
  30. ↑ Lee, p. 320
  31. ↑ Lee, p. 321
  32. ↑ "Эдуард Лимонов, Писатель, политик" [Eduard Limonov, writer, politician]. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  33. ↑ Lee, pp. 328–9
  34. ↑ "170 лет одиночества: Куда делись нацболы?" [170 Years of Solitude: Where Have the National Bolsheviks Gone?]. w-o-s.ru. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  35. ↑ Andreas Umland; Steffen Kailitz (2017). "Why fascists took over the Reichstag but have not captured the Kremlin: a comparison of Weimar Germany and post-Soviet Russia". Nationalities Papers. 45 (2).
  36. ↑ "The Second Russia". GRENADE F1. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  37. ↑ "Famous writer and National Bolshevic leader Eduard Limonov really arrested". 14 April 2001. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  38. 1 2 Yasmann, Victor (8 April 2008). "Russia: National Bolsheviks, The Party Of 'Direct Action'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  39. ↑ "Антикапитализм-2002". nbp-info.com. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  40. ↑ Олег Бородин (14 September 2013). "Антикап 2002 Площадь Маяковского 480". Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via YouTube.
  41. ↑ "Ultranationalist Russian Writer is Released from Prison". Voice of America. 30 June 2003. Retrieved 30 June 2006.
  42. ↑ "Declaration Of Public Movement "Russia Without Putin"". 29 October 2005. Archived from the original on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  43. ↑ "An Interview with the Leader of the NBF (Roman Golovkin)". 6 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  44. ↑ "Эдуард Лимонов добрался до Страсбурга" [Eduard Limonov reached Strasbourg]. Kommersant (in Russian). 3 August 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2026.
  45. ↑ "Police Clash With Anti-Kremlin Protesters". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 March 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  46. ↑ "Верховный суд РФ подтвердил законность запрета НБП" [The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the legality of the NBP ban]. SOVA CENTER. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  47. ↑ "Перечень некоммерческих организаций, в отношении которых судом принято вступившее в законную силу решение о ликвидации или запрете деятельности по основаниям, предусмотренным ФЗ "О противодействии экстремистской деятельности"" [List of non-profit organizations for which a court has issued a final decision on liquidation or prohibition of activities on the grounds stipulated by the Federal Law "On Combating Extremist Activity"]. minjust.ru. Archived from the original on 10 January 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  48. ↑ "Решение Мосгорсуда о запрещении НБП от 19.04.2007" [The Moscow City Court's decision to ban the NBP, April 19, 2007]. SOVA Center. 30 July 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2011.
  49. ↑ Verkhovsky, Alexander (4 August 2007). "Почему следует отменить решение о запрете НБП" [Why the decision to ban the NBP should be reversed]. SOVA Center. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011.
  50. ↑ "Верховный суд России отказал в пересмотре решения о запрете НБП" [Russia's Supreme Court has rejected a request to review the decision to ban the NBP]. Kommersant. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Мосгорсуд признал НБП экстремистской организацией и на этом основании запретил её — комментарии экспертов" [The Moscow City Court has declared the NBP an extremist organization and banned it on this basis – expert commentary]. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011.
  52. ↑ "Питерские нацболы арестованы за участие в акции у Гостиного двора" [St. Petersburg Nazbols arrested for participating in a protest near Gostiny Dvor]. Grani.ru. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011.
  53. ↑ "Нацболы через суд требуют разрешить акцию "Стратегия-31"" [National Bolsheviks are demanding permission to hold the "Strategy-31" protest in court]. Rosbalt.ru. 27 January 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2013.
  54. ↑ "Ban on National Bolshevik Party by Russian courts was a human rights violation, ECHR finds". Yahoo News. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
  55. ↑ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int.
  56. ↑ "От нацболов к Павленскому. Краткая хроника русского акционизма" [From Nazbols to Pavlensky: a brief chronicle of Russian actionism]. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  57. ↑ "Захват башни клуба моряков в Севастополе" [The seizure of the Sailors' Club tower in Sevastopol]. nbp-info.com. 18 January 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  58. ↑ Podkova, Klim (17 November 2000). "Красное знамя над городом Ригой" [The red flag over the city of Riga]. Zavtra (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2026.
  59. ↑ "Захват башни св. Петра в Риге" [The capture of St. Peter's Tower in Riga]. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012.
  60. ↑ "Hugs and handshakes with public keep Meghan Markle's bodyguards on their toes". Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  61. ↑ "Latvia flower-attacker spared jail". 2 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  62. ↑ Abbott, Dennis (20 November 2002). "Security Alert at NATO Summit". Politico. Retrieved 4 July 2026.
  63. ↑ AP Archive (30 July 2015). "WRAP Tomato incident, Robertson, Ukraine delegates, family photo". Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via YouTube.
  64. ↑ "ЗАХВАТ ЗДАНИЯ МИНЮСТА" [OCCUPATION OF THE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE BUILDING]. nbp-info.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  65. ↑ "Национал-большевики захватили общественную приемную" [National Bolsheviks seized the public reception office]. REGNUM News Agency. 3 March 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  66. ↑ AP Archive (21 July 2015). "Protest outside German offices on war anniversary". Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via YouTube.
  67. ↑ "ТОРГОВОE ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВO ГЕРМАНИИ ВЗЯТО ШТУРМОМ" [GERMAN TRADE OFFICE STORMED]. nbp-info.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  68. ↑ "Национал-большевики захватили Минздрав" [National Bolsheviks seized the Ministry of Health]. 2 August 2004. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  69. ↑ "ЗАХВАТ ЗДАНИЯ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ" [OCCUPATION OF THE BUILDING OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH Police]. nbp-info.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011.
  70. ↑ "За захват здания Минздрава лимоновцы получили по 5 лет тюрьмы" [Limonovites received five years in prison for seizing the Ministry of Health building]. gazeta.ru. 20 December 2004. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  71. ↑ "Условный захват президентской приемной" [Conditional occupation of the presidential reception room]. Lenta.ru. 8 December 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  72. ↑ ""Побои" за Минфин". Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  73. ↑ "Грани.Ру: За захват Минфина нацболов ]]обвинили в хулиганстве". pub.g.graniru.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  74. ↑ AP Archive (24 July 2015). "Leftist protestors chain themselves to Finance Ministry in anti-Putin protest". Retrieved 2 September 2018 – via YouTube.
  75. ↑ Interview to the "Revolt" French magazine. eng.nbp-info.ru. 15 February 2004. Archived 1 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ "ИЗРАИЛЬСКОЕ ОТДЕЛЕЛЕНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛ-БОЛШЕВИСТСКОЙ ПАРТИИ ( НБП )" [Israeli Branch of the National-Bolshevik Party (NBP)]. www.another-israel.org.
  77. ↑ Shenfield, Stephen (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 190–. ISBN 978-0-7656-0635-8.
  78. ↑ Muizneiks, N. (2005) "Latvia" in Mudde, Cas Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe, Routledge, ISBN 0415355931 pp. 101–128
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  80. ↑ Лимонка: Бенес Айо Archived 6 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  81. ↑ «Красный магистр» Бенес Айо: «Мы готовим такое!..». D-pils.lv (8 November 2005). Retrieved on 23 February 2014.
  82. ↑ Бенес Айо: Когда я дошел до 45 кг, меня пришлось выпустить Archived 1 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Rus.tvnet.lv. Retrieved on 23 February 2014.
  83. ↑ Рига: Акция против Джорджа Буша. nbp-info.ru. 7 May 2005
  84. ↑ "Estonia sends "National Bolshevik" back to Finland". www.hs.fi.[dead link]
  85. ↑ "Anti-Bush protest broken up by police". 21 July 2015 – via www.youtube.com.
  86. ↑ "Акция против Джорджа Буша и задержание Рига, 7 мая 2005". nbp-info.com. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
  87. ↑ День сопротивления в Риге. 16 марта 2006. nbp-info.ru
  88. ↑ Рига: Акция протеста против шествия нацистов 16 марта 2005. nbp-info.ru
  89. ↑ "НАЦИОНАЛ-БОЛЬШЕВИСТСКАЯ ПАРТИЯ Кишиневское региональное отделение". www.nbp-md.org.
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  92. ↑ АНТИ-УПА-2009 Archived 25 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Nbp.kharkov.ua. Retrieved on 23 February 2014.
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Bibliography

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