Naval Intelligence Division
- For the division in the Israel Navy, see Naval Intelligence Division (Israel).
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| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 1882 |
| Preceding agency |
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| Dissolved | 1964 |
| Superseding agency | |
| Jurisdiction | Government of the United Kingdom |
| Headquarters | Admiralty Building Whitehall London |
| Parent agency | Admiralty |
The Naval Intelligence Division (NID) was the intelligence arm of the British Admiralty before the establishment of a unified Defence Intelligence Staff in 1965. It dealt with matters concerning British naval plans, with the collection of naval intelligence. It was also known as "Room 39", after its room number at the Admiralty.[1]
Contents
History[edit]
The Foreign Intelligence Committee was established in 1882[2] and it evolved into the Naval Intelligence Department in 1887.[3]
The NID staff were originally responsible for fleet mobilisation and war plans as well as foreign intelligence collection; thus in the beginning there were originally two divisions: (1) intelligence (Foreign) and (2) Mobilisation. In 1900 another division, War, was added to deal with issues of strategy and defence, and in 1902 a fourth division, Trade, was created for matters related to the protection of merchant shipping. The Trade Division was abolished in October 1909 in the wake of the Committee of Imperial Defence inquiry into the feud between the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir John Fisher and former Commander-in-Chief Channel Fleet, Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, when it was discovered that the captain heading the Trade Division had been supplying the latter with confidential information during the inquiry.[4]
In 1910, the NID was shorn of its responsibility for war planning and strategy when the outgoing Fisher created the Navy War Council as a stop-gap remedy to criticisms emanating from the Beresford Inquiry that the Navy needed a naval staff—a role the NID had been in fact fulfilling since at least 1900, if not earlier. After this reorganisation, war planning and strategic matters were transferred to the newly created Naval Mobilisation Department and the NID reverted to the position it held prior to 1887—an intelligence collection and collation organisation.[5]
World War I[edit]
During World War I the NID was responsible for the Royal Navy's highly successful cryptographic efforts, Room 40.[6]
World War II[edit]
Naval Ultra messages were handled differently from Army and Air Force Ultra because the Admiralty was an operational HQ and could give orders during a battle; while the Imperial General Staff (Army) and Air Staff would give commanders general orders such as, "clear the enemy out of Africa" without telling them how to do it. Hence verbatim translations of naval decodes were sent by Hut 4 to the NID and nowhere else (except for some naval intelligence sent directly from Bletchley Park to Commanders-in-Chief in the Mediterranean).[7]
Hut 8 which decrypted Enigma messages for Hut 4 to translate and analyse had less information for Ultra as the Kriegsmarine operated Enigma more securely than the German Army and Air Force. Hut 4 also broke various hand cyphers and some Italian naval traffic.[8]
The NID also initiated the 30th Assault Unit whose role was information gathering, reconnaissance and sabotage. Members of the unit, including Ralph Izzard, are acknowledged as inspirations for Ian Fleming (who also worked for the NID) in the creation of his fictional spy, James Bond.[9]
Geographical section[edit]
The Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty, produced a series of Geographical Handbooks from 1917-1922 to provide information for the British Armed Forces. The Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series was produced between 1941 and 1946 to provide information for the British Armed Forces.[10]
Amalgamation[edit]
In 1965, the three service intelligence departments were amalgamated in the new Defence Intelligence Service at the Ministry of Defence.[11]
[edit]
Directors of Naval Intelligence included:[12]
- Captain William Henry Hall, 1887–1889
- Rear-Admiral Cyprian Bridge, 1889–1894
- Rear-Admiral Lewis Beaumont, 1895–1899
- Rear-Admiral Reginald Custance, 1899–1902
- Rear-Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, 1902–1905
- Captain Charles Ottley, 1905–1907
- Rear-Admiral Sir Edmond Slade, 1907–1909
- Rear-Admiral Alexander Bethell, 1909–1912
- Captain Thomas Jackson, 1912–1913
- Rear-Admiral Henry Oliver, 1913–1914
- Rear-Admiral Sir Reginald 'Blinker' Hall, 1914–1919
- Rear-Admiral Hugh 'Quex' Sinclair, 1919–1921
- Rear-Admiral Maurice Fitzmaurice, 1921–1924
- Rear-Admiral Alan Hotham, 1924–1927
- Rear-Admiral William Fisher (Acting), 1926–1927
- Rear-Admiral Barry Domvile, 1927–1930
- Rear-Admiral Cecil Usborne, 1930–1932
- Rear-Admiral Gerald Dickens, 1932–1935
- Vice-Admiral James Troup, 1935–1939
- Vice-Admiral John Godfrey, 1939–1942
- Rear-Admiral Edmund Rushbrooke, 1942–1946
- Vice-Admiral Edward Parry, 1946–1948
- Rear-Admiral Eric Longley-Cook, 1948–1951
- Rear-Admiral Sir Anthony Buzzard, 1951–1954
- Vice-Admiral Sir John Inglis, 1954–1960
- Vice-Admiral Sir Norman Denning, 1960–1964
- Rear-Admiral Patrick Graham, 1964–1965
See also[edit]
- Ian Fleming, who worked as a personal assistant to DNI then Captain John Godfrey
- Ralph Izzard Author, adventurer, journalist, NID officer, member of the 30 Assault Unit and noted as an inspiration for James Bond.[9]
- Merlin Minshall, who worked for Fleming in the NID, participated in several operations and has been claimed as one of the inspirations for James Bond.
- William Milbourne James, W.R. Hall's biographer.
- Ewen Montagu, who executed one of its best-known operations
- Jon Pertwee, who worked alongside Fleming in the NID during World War II
- Patrick Dalzel-Job
- Inspirations for James Bond
References[edit]
- ^ Dorril, Stephen (2002). MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service. Simon & Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 0-7432-1778-0.
- ^ Allen. The Foreign Intelligence Committee. p. 68.
- ^ "Obituary". Obituaries. The Times (34523). London. 13 March 1895. col F, p. 10.
- ^ Hurd, Archibald (1921). "The Merchant Navy". John Murray. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ Strachan, Hew (2003). "The First World War: Volume I: To Arms". Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199261918.
- ^ "The Room 40 Compromise" (PDF). U.S. National Security Agency. 1960. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ Top Secret Ultra by Peter Calvocoressi p16,17 (1980, Cassell Ltd, London) ISBN 0-304-30546-4
- ^ Briggs, p. 67
- ^ a b Pearson, p. 194-195
- ^ "The Naval Intelligence Geographical Handbook Series (Great-Britain, 1941-46) : a description and a call for comments". Retrieved 7 November 2015.
- ^ Dylan, p. 184
- ^ "Senior Royal Navy appointments" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Sources[edit]
- Allen, Matthew (February 1995). "The Foreign Intelligence Committee and the Origins of the Naval Intelligence Department of the Admiralty". The Mariner's Mirror. 81 (1): 65–78. doi:10.1080/00253359.1995.10656533.
- Briggs, Asa (2011). Secret Days: Code-breaking in Bletchley Park. Frontline Books, London. ISBN 978-1-84832-615-6.
- Dylan, Huw (2014). Defence Intelligence and the Cold War: Britain's Joint Intelligence Bureau 1945-1964. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199657025.
- Pearson, John (1966). The Life of Ian Fleming. Jonathan Cape, London. ISBN 978-1-85410-898-2.
External links[edit]
- Naval intelligence
- Defunct United Kingdom intelligence agencies
- Military communications of the United Kingdom
- History of the Royal Navy
- World War I espionage
- World War II espionage
- Cold War espionage
- Military units and formations established in 1882
- Military units and formations disestablished in 1962
- 1882 establishments in the United Kingdom
- 1962 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
- Royal Navy
- Admiralty during World War II
- British intelligence services of World War II
