Ndonga dialect
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| Ndonga | |
|---|---|
| ndonga | |
| Native to | Namibia and southern Angola |
| Region | Ovamboland |
Native speakers | 810,000 (2006)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | ng |
| ISO 639-2 | ndo |
| ISO 639-3 | ndo |
| Glottolog | ndon1254[2] |
R.22[3] | |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUR-lc |
Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 281,500 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.
Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.[4]
Phonology[edit]
Vowels[edit]
Oshindonga uses a five-vowel system:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Consonants[edit]
Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | |||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | g | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | x | h |
| voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | ɣ | ||
| Approximant | central | w | j | ||||
| lateral | l | ||||||
Oshindonga also contains many consonant compounds, listed below:
- m̥pʰ
- n̥tʰ
- n̥kʰ
- m̥pʰw
- n̥tʰw
- n̥kʰw
- n̥th
- n̥dz
- n̥tsʰ
- xw
- tsˈ (voiceless, ejective, alveolor affricate)
- psʲˈ (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)
References[edit]
- ^ Ndonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ndonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ "Namiweb.com". Namibweb.com. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.
External links[edit]
| Ndonga dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
| This Bantu language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| This Namibia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
| This Angola-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |