Nergal
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Nergal, Nirgal, or Nirgali (Hebrew: נֵרְגַל, Modern: Nergal, Tiberian: Nērḡál; Aramaic ܢܹܪܓܵܐܠ; Template:Lang-la) was a deity worshipped throughout Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia) with the main seat of his worship at Cuthah represented by the mound of Tell-Ibrahim.
Nergal is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the deity of the city of Cuth (Cuthah): "And the men of Babylon made Succoth-benoth, and the men of Cuth made Nergal" (2 Kings, 17:30). According to the rabbins, his emblem was a cock[1] and Nergal means a "dunghill cock",[2] although standard iconography pictured Nergal as a lion. He is a son of Enlil and Ninlil, along with Nanna and Ninurta.
Attributes
Nergal seems to be in part a solar deity, sometimes identified with Shamash, but only representative of a certain phase of the sun. Portrayed in hymns and myths as a god of war and pestilence, Nergal seems to represent the sun of noontime and of the summer solstice that brings destruction, high summer being the dead season in the Mesopotamian annual cycle. He has also been called "the king of sunset".[3] Over time Nergal developed from a war god to a god of the underworld.[4] In the mythology, this occurred when Enlil and Ninlil gave him the underworld.[3]
Nergal was also the deity who presides over the netherworld, and who stands at the head of the special pantheon assigned to the government of the dead (supposed to be gathered in a large subterranean cave known as Aralu or Irkalla). In this capacity he has associated with him a goddess Allatu or Ereshkigal, though at one time Allatu may have functioned as the sole mistress of Aralu, ruling in her own person. In some texts the god Ninazu is the son of Nergal and Allatu/Ereshkigal.
Ordinarily Nergal pairs with his consort Laz. Standard iconography pictured Nergal as a lion, and boundary-stone monuments symbolise him with a mace surmounted by the head of a lion.
Nergal's fiery aspect appears in names or epithets such as Lugalgira, Lugal-banda (Nergal as the fighting-cock),[5] Sharrapu ("the burner," a reference to his manner of dealing with outdated teachings) [citation needed], Erra, Gibil (though this name more properly belongs to Nusku), and Sibitti or Seven.[6] A certain confusion exists in cuneiform literature between Ninurta (slayer of Asag and wielder of Sharur, an enchanted mace) and Nergal. Nergal has epithets such as the "raging king," the "furious one," and the like. A play upon his name—separated into three elements as Ne-uru-gal (lord of the great dwelling)—expresses his position at the head of the nether-world pantheon [citation needed].
In the late Babylonian astral-theological system Nergal is related to the planet Mars. As a fiery god of destruction and war, Nergal doubtless seemed an appropriate choice for the red planet, and he was equated by the Greeks to the war-god Ares (Latin Mars)—hence the current name of the planet. In Assyro-Babylonian ecclesiastical art the great lion-headed colossi serving as guardians to the temples and palaces seem to symbolise Nergal, just as the bull-headed colossi probably typify Ninurta.
Nergal's chief temple at Cuthah bore the name Meslam, from which the god receives the designation of Meslamtaeda or Meslamtaea, "the one that rises up from Meslam". The name Meslamtaeda/Meslamtaea indeed is found as early as the list of gods from Fara while the name Nergal only begins to appear in the Akkadian period. Amongst the Hurrians and later Hittites Nergal was known as Aplu, a name derived from the Akkadian Apal Enlil, (Apal being the construct state of Aplu) meaning "the son of Enlil" [citation needed]. As God of the plague, he was invoked during the "plague years" during the reign of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma, when this disease spread from Egypt.
The worship of Nergal does not appear to have spread as widely as that of Ninurta, but in the late Babylonian and early Persian period, syncretism seems to have fused the two divinities, which were invoked together as if they were identical. Hymns and votive and other inscriptions of Babylonian and Assyrian rulers frequently invoke him, but we do not learn of many temples to him outside of Cuthah. The Assyrian king Sennacherib speaks of one at Tarbisu to the north of the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, but significantly, although Nebuchadnezzar II (606–586 BC), the great temple-builder of the neo-Babylonian monarchy, alludes to his operations at Meslam in Cuthah, he makes no mention of a sanctuary to Nergal in Babylon. Local associations with his original seat—Kutha—and the conception formed of him as a god of the dead acted in making him feared rather than actively worshipped.
In demonology
Being a deity of the desert, god of fire, which is one of negative aspects of the sun, god of the underworld, and also being a god of one of the religions which rivaled Christianity and Judaism, Nergal was sometimes called a demon and even identified with Satan. According to Collin de Plancy and Johann Weyer, Nergal was depicted as the chief of Hell's "secret police", and worked as "an honorary spy in the service of Beelzebub".[citation needed]
In popular culture
Nergal has occasionally surfaced in contemporary popular culture, including appearances and references in animation, comics, games, literature, and music.
- It is the name of Nergal (band), a black metal from Polonia.[7]
- It is the stage name of Polish musician Adam Darski of Behemoth (band).
- In the anime/manga Martian Successor Nadesico, an organization called Nergal Heavy Industries develops a revolutionary series of space warships to help in the fight against Earth's Jovian enemy.
- Nergal appears in the comic Conan (comics),[8] which was based on an unfinished manuscript by Robert E. Howard, who mentioned Nergal several times in Conan the Barbarian tales as a Hyborian Age deity of death, sun, and war.[8]
- Nergal appears in the D.C./Vertigo comic Hellblazer as a powerful demon who alternately works with and against the main character John Constantine. In what is known as the Newcastle incident, Nergal is summoned by Constantine to defeat a monster summoned by a girl named Astra who was abused, but instead Nergal takes the girl and the demon both down to Hell.[9] Later, Nergal saves John's life with his blood and as a result they are linked forever.[10] The demon appears several more times later in the series.
- Nergal is a recurring character on the cartoon The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy, where he was depicted as a lonely demon who lived in the center of the Earth. Later he marries Billy's aunt Sis and has a half-human half-demon son named Nergal Jr.
- Nergal and Nergal Jr. are also both recurring character on Bleedman's webcomic series Grim Tales. Also Nergal Jr. had a Half-nergal daughter on Mandy named Minniemandy.
- Games Workshop game designer Bryan Ansell named one of the chaos gods in the Warhammer Fantasy Battle and Warhammer 40000 game series Nurgle, who has similar attributes to Judeo-Christian view of Nergal, in that the character is the chaos god responsible for pestilence, death and entropy. Whereas the other chaos gods in the series have an almost complete and flippant disregard for their worshippers, Nurgle is the only chaos god who even pretends to care about those who worship him.
- In Fire Emblem (video game), Nergal is the main antagonist who uses a spell tome named Ereshkigal, a reference to the marriage between the two in Mesopotamian mythology.
- Nergal also appears as one of the recurring deities in The Wicked + The Divine.
- In Hellboy, Nergal-Jahad is one of the seven Ogdru-Jahad, seven Lovecraftian monsters.
- In Dungeons & Dragons, Nerull is a god of death and pestilence.
See also
References
- ^ Clarke's Commentary on the Bible - 2 Kings 17:30
- ^ Dictionary of phrase and fable: giving the derivation, source, or origin of common phrases, allusions, and words that have a tale to tell - Ebenezer Cobham Brewer - 1900 - p268 [1]
- ^ a b Zolyomi, Gabor (2010). "Hymns to Ninisina and Nergal on the Tablets Ash 1911.235 and Ni 9672" in Your Praise Is Sweet: A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues, and Friends. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq. pp. 413–428.
- ^ Munnich, Maciej M. (2013). The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East. Tubingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 62–63.
- ^ [2] Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 6 – edited by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray – p.645
- ^ [3] David's Secret Demons: Messiah, Murderer, Traitor, King by Baruch Halpern – p.334 Reference 1
- ^ Trepas. "Nergal". Encyclopaedia Metallum. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
- ^ a b Truman, Timothy (2008). Conan: The Hand of Nergal. Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse.
- ^ Delano, Jamie (1988). Hellblazer #11. Vertigo Comics.
- ^ Delano, Jamie (1988). Hellblazer #7. Vertigo Comics.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nergal". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Nergal (god)
- ETCSL "A hymn to Nergal" and "A tigi to Nergal": Unicode and ASCII
- Ereskigal.net – "Ereshkigal and Nergal": Assyrian version and Amarna version
- Gateway to Babylon: Nergal and Ereshkigal
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