Nindowari
Nindowari, also known as Nindo Damb, is a Kulli archaeological site, dating back to chalcolithic period, in Kalat District of Balochistan, Pakistan. Archaeological investigation of the site suggests that the Nindowari complex was occupied by the Harappans before the Kulli civilization arrived and that the Kulli culture was related to or possibly derived from the Harappan culture.[1][2]
Location
Nindowari is located some 240 kilometres (150 mi) northwest of Karachi, in Ornach Valley in Tehsil Wadh of the Kalat District. It is located on the right bank of the Kud River, a tributary of the Porali River.[3]
History
Nindowari is a site of the prehistoric Kulli culture of Balochistan with links to the Harappan Civilization.[3] The site, spread over an area of 124 acres and 75 feet (23 m) high, is the largest Kulli complex site discovered so far.[1] The settlement was built on a flat schist bed with a central quadrangular platform which was surrounded by buildings on one side. Mounds of various heights were located in the area. The central mound near the platform rose to a height of 82 feet (25 m) and consisted of large stones and boulders. The summit of the mound was accessed via a staricase from the platform showing this mound was considered a monument. Another mound, called Kulliki-an Damb (Mound of Potteries), was located 590 feet (180 m) south of the main mound.[1] The site offers evidence that Kulli culture might be strongly associated with the Harappan Civilization if not directly derived from it. Artifacts excavated from the site show that the two cultures had close interaction.[2]
The site was probably abandoned due to a major uplift which resulted in cutting off of the water source from the Kud River.[3]
Excavations
The site was discovered by Beatrice De Cardi in 1957.[1] French Archaeological Mission, led by Jean-Marie Casal, and Department of Archaeology, Pakistan later carried out the Nindowari excavations from 1962 till 1965, uncovering traces of a Kulli settlement dating back to the third millennium BC.[1] These excavations unearthed Kulli-Harappan pottery and vases with animal figures, mostly bulls and birds. Terracotta figurines of women adorned with jewelry with elaborate details were also discovered. Nal ware (old pottery from Indus Civilization) excavated from the site suggested a pre-Kulli occupation and that the Harrapans were settled in the area in early periods (3200 - 2500 BC).[1]
Status
Nindo Dam is one of the 27 notified Archaeological Sites and Monuments in Balochistan and protected by the Federal Government under the Federal Antiquities Act.[4]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Neil Asher Silberman, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739219.
- ^ a b McIntosh, Jane R. (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 1576079074.
- ^ a b c Pruthi, R.K. (2004). Indus Civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 21. ISBN 8171418651.
- ^ "List Of Notified Protected Archaeological Sites And Monuments In Pakistan" (PDF). Government of Pakistan. p. 47. Retrieved 12 October 2013.