# Oblate spheroidal wave function

In applied mathematics, oblate spheroidal wave functions are involved in the solution of the Helmholtz equation in oblate spheroidal coordinates. When solving this equation, ${\displaystyle \Delta \Phi +k^{2}\Phi =0}$, by the method of separation of variables, ${\displaystyle (\xi ,\eta ,\phi )}$, with:

${\displaystyle \ x=(d/2)\xi \eta ,}$
${\displaystyle \ y=(d/2){\sqrt {(\xi ^{2}+1)(1-\eta ^{2})}}\cos \phi ,}$
${\displaystyle \ z=(d/2){\sqrt {(\xi ^{2}+1)(1-\eta ^{2})}}\sin \phi ,}$
${\displaystyle \ \xi \geq 0{\text{ and }}|\eta |\leq 1.}$

the solution ${\displaystyle \Phi (\xi ,\eta ,\phi )}$ can be written as the product of a radial spheroidal wave function ${\displaystyle R_{mn}(-ic,i\xi )}$ and an angular spheroidal wave function ${\displaystyle S_{mn}(-ic,\eta )}$ by ${\displaystyle e^{im\phi }}$. Here ${\displaystyle c=kd/2}$, with ${\displaystyle d}$ being the interfocal length of the elliptical cross section of the oblate spheroid.

The radial wave function ${\displaystyle R_{mn}(-ic,i\xi )}$ satisfies the linear ordinary differential equation:

${\displaystyle \ (\xi ^{2}+1){\frac {d^{2}R_{mn}(-ic,i\xi )}{d\xi ^{2}}}+2\xi {\frac {dR_{mn}(-ic,i\xi )}{d\xi }}-\left(\lambda _{mn}(c)-c^{2}\xi ^{2}-{\frac {m^{2}}{\xi ^{2}+1}}\right){R_{mn}(-ic,i\xi )}=0}$.

The angular wave function satisfies the differential equation:

${\displaystyle \ (1-\eta ^{2}){\frac {d^{2}S_{mn}(-ic,\eta )}{d\eta ^{2}}}-2\eta {\frac {dS_{mn}(-ic,\eta )}{d\eta }}+\left(\lambda _{mn}(c)+c^{2}\eta ^{2}-{\frac {m^{2}}{1-\eta ^{2}}}\right){S_{mn}(-ic,\eta )}=0}$.

It is the same differential equation as in the case of the radial wave function. However, the range of the radial coordinate ${\displaystyle \xi }$ is different from that of the angular coordinate ${\displaystyle \eta }$.

The eigenvalue ${\displaystyle \lambda _{mn}(-ic)}$ of this Sturm-Liouville differential equation is fixed by the requirement that ${\displaystyle {S_{mn}(-ic,\eta )}}$ must be finite for ${\displaystyle |\eta |=1}$.

For ${\displaystyle c=0}$ these two differential equations reduce to the equations satisfied by the associated Legendre polynomials. For ${\displaystyle c\neq 0}$, the angular spheroidal wave functions can be expanded as a series of Legendre functions.

The differential equations given above for the oblate radial and angular wave functions can be obtained from the corresponding equations for the prolate spheroidal wave functions by the substitution of ${\displaystyle -ic}$ for ${\displaystyle c}$ and ${\displaystyle i\xi }$ for ${\displaystyle \xi }$. The notation for the oblate spheroidal functions reflects this relationship.

There are different normalization schemes for spheroidal functions. A table of the different schemes can be found in Abramowitz and Stegun.[1] Abramowitz and Stegun (and the present article) follow the notation of Flammer.[2]

Originally, the spheroidal wave functions were introduced by C. Niven,[3] which lead to a Helmholtz equation in spheroidal coordinates. Monographs tying together many aspects of the theory of spheroidal wave functions were written by Strutt,[4] Stratton et al.,[5] Meixner and Schafke,[6] and Flammer.[2]

Flammer[2] provided a thorough discussion of the calculation of the eigenvalues, angular wavefunctions, and radial wavefunctions for both the oblate and the prolate case. Computer programs for this purpose have been developed by many, including Van Buren et al.,[7] King and Van Buren,[8] Baier et al.,[9] Zhang and Jin,[10] and Thompson.[11] Van Buren has recently developed new methods for calculating oblate spheroidal wave functions that extend the ability to obtain numerical values to extremely wide parameter ranges. These results are based on earlier work on prolate spheroidal wave functions.[12][13] Fortran source code that combines the new results with traditional methods is available at http://www.mathieuandspheroidalwavefunctions.com.

Tables of numerical values of oblate spheroidal wave functions are given in Flammer,[2] Hanish et al.,[14][15][16] and Van Buren et al.[17]

Asymptotic expansions of angular oblate spheroidal wave functions for large values of ${\displaystyle c}$ have been derived by Müller.[18]

The Digital Library of Mathematical Functions http://dlmf.nist.gov provided by NIST is an excellent resource for spheroidal wave functions.

## References

1. ^ . M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun. Handbook of Mathematical Functions pp. 751-759 (Dover, New York, 1972)
2. ^ a b c d C. Flammer. Spheroidal Wave Functions Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1957
3. ^ C. Niven on the conduction of heat in ellipsoids of revolution. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, 171 p. 117 (1880)
4. ^ M. J. O. Strutt. Lamesche, Mathieusche and Verdandte Funktionen in Physik und Technik Ergebn. Math. u. Grenzeb, 1, pp. 199-323, 1932
5. ^ J. A. Stratton, P. M. Morse, J. L. Chu, and F. J. Corbato. Spheroidal Wave Functions Wiley, New York, 1956
6. ^ J. Meixner and F. W. Schafke. Mathieusche Funktionen und Sphäroidfunktionen Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1954
7. ^ A. L. Van Buren, R. V. Baier, and S Hanish A Fortran computer program for calculating the oblate spheroidal radial functions of the first and second kind and their first derivatives. (1970)
8. ^
9. ^ R. V. Baier, A. L. Van Buren, S. Hanish, B. J. King - Spheroidal wave functions: their use and evaluation The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 48, pp. 102–102 (1970)
10. ^ S. Zhang and J. Jin. Computation of Special Functions, Wiley, New York, 1996
11. ^ W. J. Thomson Spheroidal Wave functions Archived 2010-02-16 at the Wayback Machine. Computing in Science & Engineering p. 84, May–June 1999
12. ^ A. L. Van Buren and J. E. Boisvert. Accurate calculation of prolate spheroidal radial functions of the first kind and their first derivatives, Quarterly of Applied Mathemathics 60, pp. 589-599, 2002
13. ^ A. L. Van Buren and J. E. Boisvert. Improved calculation of prolate spheroidal radial functions of the second kind and their first derivatives, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 62, pp. 493-507, 2004
14. ^ S. Hanish, R. V. Baier, A. L. Van Buren, and B. J. King Tables of radial spheroidal wave functions, volume 4, oblate, m = 0 (1970)
15. ^ S. Hanish, R. V. Baier, A. L. Van Buren, and B. J. King Tables of radial spheroidal wave functions, volume 5, oblate, m = 1 (1970)
16. ^ S. Hanish, R. V. Baier, A. L. Van Buren, and B. J. King Tables of radial spheroidal wave functions, volume 6, oblate, m = 2 (1970)
17. ^ A. L. Van Buren, B. J. King, R. V. Baier, and S. Hanish. Tables of Angular Spheroidal Wave Functions, vol. 2, oblate, m = 0, Naval Research Lab. Publication, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, 1975
18. ^ H.J.W. Müller, Asymptotic Expansions of Oblate Spheroidal Wave Functions and their Characteristic Numbers, J. reine angew. Math. 211 (1962) 33 - 47.