Observer effect

Observer effect, observer bias, observation bias, etc. may refer to a number of concepts, some of them closely related:

General experimental biases

• Hawthorne effect, a form of reactivity in which subjects modify an aspect of their behavior, in response to their knowing that they are being studied
• Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
• Observer bias, a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observers cognitive biases

Physics

• Observer effect (physics), the impact of observing a physical system
• Probe effect, the effect on a physical system of adding measurement devices, such as the probes of electronic test equipment

Computing

• Heisenbug of computer programming, in which a software bug seems to disappear or alter its behavior when one attempts to study it
• Observer effect (information technology), the impact of observing a process while it is running

Media

• "Observer Effect" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise, named after this effect

See also

• Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
• Actor-observer bias
• Personal equation, in experimental science
• Schrödinger's cat, a thought experiment, often described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger