# Oscillator strength

In spectroscopy, oscillator strength is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the probability of absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation in transitions between energy levels of an atom or molecule.[1][2] The oscillator strength can be thought of as the ratio between the quantum mechanical transition rate and the classical absorption/emission rate of a single electron oscillator with the same frequency as the transition.[3]

## Theory

An atom or a molecule can absorb light and undergo a transition from one quantum state to another.

The oscillator strength ${\displaystyle f_{12}}$ of a transition from a lower state ${\displaystyle |1\rangle }$ to an upper state ${\displaystyle |2\rangle }$ may be defined by

${\displaystyle f_{12}={\frac {2}{3}}{\frac {m_{e}}{\hbar ^{2}}}(E_{2}-E_{1})\sum _{\alpha =x,y,z}|\langle 1m_{1}|R_{\alpha }|2m_{2}\rangle |^{2},}$

where ${\displaystyle m_{e}}$ is the mass of an electron and ${\displaystyle \hbar }$ is the reduced Planck constant. The quantum states ${\displaystyle |n\rangle ,n=}$ 1,2, are assumed to have several degenerate sub-states, which are labeled by ${\displaystyle m_{n}}$. "Degenerate" means that they all have the same energy ${\displaystyle E_{n}}$. The operator ${\displaystyle R_{x}}$ is the sum of the x-coordinates ${\displaystyle r_{i,x}}$ of all ${\displaystyle N}$ electrons in the system, etc.:

${\displaystyle R_{\alpha }=\sum _{i=1}^{N}r_{i,\alpha }.}$

The oscillator strength is the same for each sub-state ${\displaystyle |nm_{n}\rangle }$.

## Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule

To make equations of the previous section applicable to the states belonging to the continuum spectrum, they should be rewritten in terms of matrix elements of the momentum ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}$. In absence of magnetic field, the Hamiltonian can be written as ${\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2m}}{\boldsymbol {p}}^{2}+V({\boldsymbol {r}})}$, and calculating a commutator ${\displaystyle [H,x]}$ in the basis of eigenfunctions of ${\displaystyle H}$ results in the relation between matrix elements

${\displaystyle x_{nk}=-{\frac {i\hbar /m}{E_{n}-E_{k}}}(p_{x})_{nk}.}$.

Next, calculating matrix elements of a commutator ${\displaystyle [p_{x},x]}$ in the same basis and eliminating matrix elements of ${\displaystyle x}$, we arrive at

${\displaystyle \langle n|[p_{x},x]|n\rangle ={\frac {2i\hbar }{m}}\sum _{k\neq n}{\frac {|\langle n|p_{x}|k\rangle |^{2}}{E_{n}-E_{k}}}.}$

Because ${\displaystyle [p_{x},x]=-i\hbar }$, the above expression results in a sum rule

${\displaystyle \sum _{k\neq n}f_{nk}=1,\,\,\,\,\,f_{nk}=-{\frac {2}{m}}{\frac {|\langle n|p_{x}|k\rangle |^{2}}{E_{n}-E_{k}}},}$

where ${\displaystyle f_{nk}}$ are oscillator strengths for quantum transitions between the states ${\displaystyle n}$ and ${\displaystyle k}$. This is the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule, and the term with ${\displaystyle k=n}$ has been omitted because in confined systems such as atoms or molecules the diagonal matrix element ${\displaystyle \langle n|p_{x}|n\rangle =0}$ due to the time inversion symmetry of the Hamiltonian ${\displaystyle H}$. Excluding this term eliminates divergency because of the vanishing denominator.[4]

## Sum rule and electron effective mass in crystals

In crystals, energy spectrum of electrons has a band structure ${\displaystyle E_{n}({\boldsymbol {p}})}$. Near the minimum of an isotropic energy band, electron energy can be expanded in powers of ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}}}$ as ${\displaystyle E_{n}({\boldsymbol {p}})={\boldsymbol {p}}^{2}/2m^{*}}$ where ${\displaystyle m^{*}}$ is the electron effective mass. It can be shown[5] that it satisfies the equation

${\displaystyle {\frac {2}{m}}\sum _{k\neq n}{\frac {|\langle n|p_{x}|k\rangle |^{2}}{E_{k}-E_{n}}}+{\frac {m}{m^{*}}}=1.}$

Here the sum runs over all bands with ${\displaystyle k\neq n}$. Therefore, the ratio ${\displaystyle m/m^{*}}$ of the free electron mass ${\displaystyle m}$ to its effective mass ${\displaystyle m^{*}}$ in a crystal can be considered as the oscillator strength for the transition of an electron from the quantum state at the bottom of the ${\displaystyle n}$ band into the same state.[6]