Osteocalcin

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Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a noncollagenous protein found in bone and dentin. In humans, the osteocalcin is encoded by the BGLAP gene.[1][2]

Function

Osteocalcin is secreted solely by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in the body's metabolic regulation and is pro-osteoblastic, or bone-building, by nature.[3] It is also implicated in bone mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. Osteocalcin acts as a hormone in the body, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin, and at the same time directing fat cells to release the hormone adiponectin, which increases sensitivity to insulin.[3]

Current data suggests a possible role of osteocalcin in male fertility.[4] Research from Columbia University Medical Center proposes that osteocalcin may enhance the synthesis of testosterone, which is a hormone believed to regulate aspects of male fertility.[5]

Use as a biochemical marker for bone formation

As osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts, it is often used as a marker for the bone formation process. It has been observed that higher serum-osteocalcin levels are relatively well correlated with increases in bone mineral density (BMD) during treatment with anabolic bone formation drugs for osteoporosis, such as Forteo. In many studies, osteocalcin is used as a preliminary biomarker on the effectiveness of a given drug on bone formation.

References

  1. ^ Puchacz E, Lian JB, Stein GS, Wozney J, Huebner K, Croce C (1989). "Chromosomal localization of the human osteocalcin gene". Endocrinology. 124 (5): 2648–50. PMID 2785029. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Cancela L, Hsieh CL, Francke U, Price PA (1990). "Molecular structure, chromosome assignment, and promoter organization of the human matrix Gla protein gene". J. Biol. Chem. 265 (25): 15040–8. PMID 2394711. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, Dacquin R, Mee PJ, McKee MD, Jung DY, Zhang Z, Kim JK, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2007). "Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton". Cell. 130 (3): 456–69. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047. PMC 2013746. PMID 17693256. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Franck Oury, Grzegorz Sumara, Olga Sumara, Mathieu Ferron, Haixin Chang, Charles E. Smith, Louis Hermo, Susan Suarez, Bryan L. Roth, Patricia Ducy et al. Endocrine Regulation of Male Fertility by the Skeleton. Cell, 17 February 2011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.004
  5. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone

Further reading

  • Kamdem LK, Hamilton L, Cheng C; et al. (2008). "Genetic predictors of glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 18 (6): 507–14. doi:10.1097/FPC.0b013e3282fc5801. PMID 18496130. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lin GT, Tseng HF, Chang CK; et al. (2008). "SNP combinations in chromosome-wide genes are associated with bone mineral density in Taiwanese women". Chin J Physiol. 51 (1): 32–41. PMID 18551993. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lumachi F, Camozzi V, Tombolan V, Luisetto G (2009). "Bone mineral density, osteocalcin, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1173 Suppl 1: E64-7. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04955.x. PMID 19751417.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Kanazawa I, Yamaguchi T, Yamamoto M; et al. (2009). "Serum osteocalcin/bone-specific alkaline phosphatase ratio is a predictor for the presence of vertebral fractures in men with type 2 diabetes". Calcif. Tissue Int. 85 (3): 228–34. doi:10.1007/s00223-009-9272-4. PMID 19641839. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Makita N, Suzuki M, Asami S; et al. (2008). "Two of four alternatively spliced isoforms of RUNX2 control osteocalcin gene expression in human osteoblast cells". Gene. 413 (1–2): 8–17. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2007.12.025. PMID 18321663. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Desbois C, Karsenty G (1995). "Osteocalcin cluster: implications for functional studies". J. Cell. Biochem. 57 (3): 379–83. doi:10.1002/jcb.240570302. PMID 7768973.
  • Salem AM, Zohny SF, Abd El-Wahab MM, Hamdy R (2007). "Predictive value of osteocalcin and beta-CrossLaps in metastatic breast cancer". Clin. Biochem. 40 (16–17): 1201–8. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.07.006. PMID 17889845.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Im JA, Yu BP, Jeon JY, Kim SH (2008). "Relationship between osteocalcin and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women". Clin. Chim. Acta. 396 (1–2): 66–9. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.001. PMID 18657532.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ba Y, Huang H, Yang Y; et al. (2009). "The association between osteocalcin gene polymorphism and dental fluorosis among children exposed to fluoride in People's Republic of China". Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 72 (8): 2158–61. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.08.014. PMID 19767102. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Hwang YC, Jeong IK, Ahn KJ, Chung HY (2009). "The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced beta-cell function in middle-aged male subjects". Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 25 (8): 768–72. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1045. PMID 19877133.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Yerges LM, Klei L, Cauley JA; et al. (2009). "High-density association study of 383 candidate genes for volumetric BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine among older men". J. Bone Miner. Res. 24 (12): 2039–49. doi:10.1359/jbmr.090524. PMC 2791518. PMID 19453261. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Yu S, Jiang Y, Galson DL; et al. (2008). "General transcription factor IIA-gamma increases osteoblast-specific osteocalcin gene expression via activating transcription factor 4 and runt-related transcription factor 2". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (9): 5542–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M705653200. PMID 18171674. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • Kayed H, Bekasi S, Keleg S; et al. (2007). "BGLAP is expressed in pancreatic cancer cells and increases their growth and invasion". Mol. Cancer. 6: 83. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-6-83. PMID 18163903. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  • French D, Hamilton LH, Mattano LA; et al. (2008). "A PAI-1 (SERPINE1) polymorphism predicts osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group". Blood. 111 (9): 4496–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-123885. PMID 18285546. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Pittas AG, Harris SS, Eliades M; et al. (2009). "Association between serum osteocalcin and markers of metabolic phenotype". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94 (3): 827–32. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1422. PMID 19088165. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Kindblom JM, Ohlsson C, Ljunggren O; et al. (2009). "Plasma osteocalcin is inversely related to fat mass and plasma glucose in elderly Swedish men". J. Bone Miner. Res. 24 (5): 785–91. doi:10.1359/jbmr.081234. PMID 19063687. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Wahlgren CM, Zheng W, Shaalan W; et al. (2009). "Human carotid plaque calcification and vulnerability. Relationship between degree of plaque calcification, fibrous cap inflammatory gene expression and symptomatology". Cerebrovasc. Dis. 27 (2): 193–200. doi:10.1159/000189204. PMID 19136823. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lumachi F, Ermani M, Camozzi V; et al. (2009). "Changes of bone formation markers osteocalcin and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1173 Suppl 1: E60-3. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04953.x. PMID 19751416. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Born AK, Rottmar M, Lischer S; et al. (2009). "Correlating cell architecture with osteogenesis: first steps towards live single cell monitoring". Eur Cell Mater. 18: 49–60, 61–2, discussion 60. PMID 19856264. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Fujisawa R (2002). "[Recent advances in research on bone matrix proteins]". Nippon Rinsho. 60 Suppl 3: 72–8. PMID 11979972.

External links

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