Overmonnow
Overmonnow | |
|---|---|
 Restored mediaeval cross and Green Dragon Inn, Cinderhill Street, Overmonnow | |
| Nickname(s): "Little Monmouth", "Cappers' Town" | |
 | |
| Country | Wales |
| County | Monmouthshire |
| Town | Monmouth |
| Elevation | 18 m (59 ft) |
Overmonnow is that part of the town of Monmouth, in Wales, which is located to the west of the River Monnow and the Monnow Bridge. It developed as a suburb of the town in the Middle Ages, when it was protected by a defensive ditch, the Clawdd-du or "Black Dyke", the remains of which are now protected as an ancient monument. In later centuries the area became known as "Little Monmouth" or "Cappers' Town". Development of the area has continued, particularly since the mid-twentieth century, and the area is now a ward of Monmouthshire County Council.
History
At the time of the Norman conquest, the area to the east of the River Monnow, and north of the River Wye, was in the area known as Archenfield, which lay within the Earldom of Hereford and was considered to be part of England; areas to the west of the Monnow, including the Overmonnow area, were regarded as Welsh. After the Normans built Monmouth Castle, the town of Monmouth gradually developed as a market town, a river port, and as a centre for the manufacture of iron goods and woollen fabric. By the twelfth century, development had taken place beyond the Monnow Bridge at Overmonnow, forming a suburb or faubourg.[1] The mediaeval iron industry at Overmonnow resulted in the wastage of large piles of cinders; these "cinder hills", which gave their name to Cinderhill Street, were removed in the eighteenth century.[2] The area was also known for the manufacture of woollen fabric, particularly Monmouth caps which were popular between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, and as a result the Overmonnow area supposedly became known as "Cappers' Town",[3] although this has been questioned.[4]
The area was also known as "Little Monmouth".[5] In the nineteenth century, there was a belief that "Little Monmouth" had at one time been a separate borough from the rest of the town, or "Great Monmouth". This seems to be a legend deriving from a pageant arranged to celebrate the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, in which the so-called "mayor of Overmonnow" demanded admittance to the town across Monnow Bridge, and then rode around the town with the (real) mayor of Monmouth.[5] However, the bridge was the scene of annual battles, or "muntlings", between rival gangs from "Up-Town" and "Cappers' Town". These took place on 1 May and 29 May, the youths arming themselves with besoms or "muntles" reinforced with stones. The altercations were banned in 1858.[6]
Substantial development, for both housing and light industry, has taken place in the Overmonnow area since the mid twentieth century. In the 2001 census, the Overmonnow ward had a total resident population of 2,300, within 1,104 separate households.[7] The ward is currently represented on Monmouthshire County Council by Cllr. Susan White, of the Conservative Party.[8] The area is also the site of the Monnow Vale Health and Social Care Centre at Drybridge Park.
Clawdd-du
The Clawdd-du, or "Black Dyke", was a linear defensive earthwork or moat constructed as protection for the mediaeval suburb of Overmonnow. It originally extended, roughly in a semi-circle, for some 600 yards (550 m) from the River Monnow opposite Chippenham Fields, westwards and then northwards to the vicinity of the later Drybridge House. The defence comprised a water-filled ditch some 35 to 40 feet (10-12m) wide, with an embankment some 5 feet (1.5m) high on the side of the settlement, topped by a wooden palisade.[9] It was probably possible to flood the ditch from the River Monnow.[5] Excavations in 1966 suggested that the ditch was excavated in two stages, before the mid-thirteenth century, and then again after the mid-fourteenth century.[10] There was a mediaeval stone bridge across the ditch, in direct line with that of Monnow Street and the Monnow Bridge, and carrying the road from the town westwards towards Wonastow.[5] The Clawdd-du defined the outer limit of development at Overmonnow until the 1930s.[9]
The Clawdd-du is now partly infilled, but still exists for most of its length as a broad ditch used for drainage. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and the remains of the mediaeval bridge are a Grade II* listed building.[11] In 2010, local archaeologists objected to Monmouthshire County Council because a trench had been dug along the site without proper consent.[12]
Notable buildings
The Church of St Thomas the Martyr, on the Overmonnow side of the Monnow Bridge, dates at least from the twelfth century. In 1830, it was given its own parish, separate from that of the Priory Church of St Mary in Monmouth town centre.[4] The cross, in the middle of the roundabout beside the church, is of mediaeval origin but was heavily restored in 1888.[13] Overmonnow House, opposite the church, is a former vicarage with a five-bayed Georgian frontage.[13]
Drybridge House was built in 1671 by William Roberts, on the site of an earlier farmhouse. The house was owned for 400 years by the Crompton-Roberts family. It now houses a community and day care centre. Buildings along the road between Drybridge House and the bridge incorporate in their walls large wooden wallpaper blocks formerly used for hand printing, which were provided in the nineteenth century by the Crompton-Roberts family, who owned a printing business.[14]
References
- ^ Kissack, Keith (2003). Monmouth and its Buildings. Logaston Press. p. 11. ISBN 1 904396 01.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help) - ^ Kissack, Keith (1974). Mediaeval Monmouth. The Monmouth Historical and Educational Trust. p. 24.
- ^ Kelly's Directory 1901: Monmouth. Accessed 28 January 2012
- ^ a b "History of St Thomas the Martyr". Monmouth Parishes. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d Kissack, Mediaeval Monmouth, p.33 Cite error: The named reference "kissackmedieval1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Roy Palmer, The Folklore of (Old) Monmouthshire, Logaston Press, 1998, ISBN 1-873827-40-7, p.262
- ^ ONS Neighbourhood Statistics: Overmonnow Ward. Accessed 28 January 2012
- ^ Monmouthshire County Council: Cllr. S White. Accessed 28 January 2012
- ^ a b M.L.J. Richards, Monnow Bridge and Gate, Alan Sutton Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0-7509-0415-1, p.3
- ^ RCAHMW: Clawdd Du, Overmonnow. Accessed 28 January 2012
- ^ British Listed Buildings: Clawdd-du Bridge. Accessed 28 January 2012
- ^ Sam Malone, Archaeologist says council is destroying historic site, Western Mail, 24 September 2010. Accessed 27 January 2012
- ^ a b John Newman, The Buildings of Wales: Gwent/Monmouthshire, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 0-14-071053-1, p.410
- ^ Kissack, Monmouth and its Buildings, p.60