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Pachelbel's Canon

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First page of Mus.MS 16481-8 from Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – the oldest surviving copy of Johann Pachelbel's "Canon and Gigue in D major" (first movement popularly known as "Pachelbel's Canon"). Shows the first bars of the canon.
Canon and Gigue in D
Performed and realized on synthesizers by Jeffrey Hall.
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Pachelbel's Canon is the name commonly given to a canon by the German Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel in his Canon and Gigue for 3 violins and basso continuo (German: Kanon und Gigue für 3 Violinen mit Generalbaß) (PWC 37, T. 337, PC 358), sometimes referred to as Canon and Gigue in D or simply Canon in D. Neither the date nor the circumstances of its composition are known, and the oldest surviving manuscript copy of the piece dates from the 19th century.

Pachelbel's Canon, like Pachelbel's other works, although popular during his lifetime, soon went out of style, and remained in obscurity for centuries thereafter. A 1968 arrangement and recording of it by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra became unexpectedly popular over the next decade, and in the 1970s the piece began to be recorded by many ensembles; by the early 1980s its presence as background music was deemed inescapable.[1] From the 1970s to the early 2000s, elements of the piece, especially its chord progression, were used in a variety of pop music songs. Since the 1980s, it has also been used frequently in weddings and funeral ceremonies in the Western world.

The canon was originally scored for three violins and basso continuo and paired with a gigue. Both movements are in the key of D major. Although a true canon at the unison in three parts, it also has elements of a chaconne.

Creation

In his lifetime, Johann Pachelbel was renowned primarily for his organ and other keyboard music, whereas today he is also recognized as an important composer of church and chamber music.[2] Little of his chamber music survives, however. Only Musikalische Ergötzung—a collection of partitas published during Pachelbel's lifetime—is known, apart from a few isolated pieces in manuscripts. The Canon and Gigue in D major is one such piece. A single 19th-century manuscript copy of them survives, Mus.MS 16481/8 in the Berlin State Library. It contains two more chamber suites. Another copy, previously in Hochschule der Künste in Berlin, is now lost.[3]

The circumstances of the piece's composition are wholly unknown. Hans-Joachim Schulze, writing in 1985, suggested that the piece may have been composed for Johann Christoph Bach's wedding, on 23 October 1694, which Pachelbel attended. Johann Ambrosius Bach, Pachelbel, and other friends and family provided music for the occasion.[4] Johann Christoph Bach, the oldest brother of Johann Sebastian Bach, was a pupil of Pachelbel. Another scholar, Charles E Brewer, investigated a variety of possible connections between Pachelbel's and Biber's published chamber music. His research indicated that the Canon may have been composed as a kind of "answer" to a chaconne with canonic elements which Biber published as part of Partia III of Harmonia artificioso-ariosa. That would indicate that Pachelbel's piece can't be dated earlier than 1696 – the year of publication of Biber's collection.[5] Other versions are occasionally put forward, for example, suggesting the date of canon's composition as early as 1680.[6]

Rediscovery and rise to fame

The Canon (without the accompanying gigue) was first published in 1919 by scholar Gustav Beckmann, who included the score in his article on Pachelbel's chamber music.[7] His research was inspired and supported by early music scholar and editor Max Seiffert, who in 1929 published his arrangement of the Canon and Gigue in his Organum series.[8] However, that edition contained numerous articulation marks and dynamics not in the original score. Furthermore, Seiffert provided tempi he considered right for the piece, but that were not supported by later research.[9] The Canon was first recorded in 1940 by Arthur Fiedler.[10]

In 1968, the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra made a recording of the piece that would change its fortunes significantly.[1] This rendition was done in a more Romantic style, at a significantly slower tempo than it had been played at before, and contained obligato parts, written by Paillard, that are now closely associated with the piece.[1] The Paillard recording was released in France by Erato Records as part of an LP that also included the Trumpet Concerto by Johann Friedrich Fasch and other works by Pachelbel and Fasch, all played by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra. The canon was also included on a widely distributed album by the mail-order label Musical Heritage Society in 1968.

In 1970, a classical radio station in San Francisco played the Paillard recording and became inundated by listener requests. The piece gained growing fame, particularly in California.[11] In 1974, London Records, aware of the interest in the piece, reissued a 1961 album of the Corelli Christmas Concerto performed by the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra, which happened to contain the piece, now re-titled to Pachelbel Kanon: the Record That Made it Famous and other Baroque Favorites.[11] The album was the highest-selling classical album of 1976.[12] Its success led to many other record labels issuing their own recordings of the work, many of which also sold well.[11]

In 1977, the RCA Red Seal label reissued the original Erato album in the United States and elsewhere. In the U.S. it was the 6th-highest-selling classical album of 1977. (Two other albums containing Pachelbel's Canon charted for the year: the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra album at #17, and another album featuring the Paillard recording, Go For Baroque!, at #13.)[13] The Paillard recording was then featured prominently in the soundtrack of the 1980 film Ordinary People.[1] The Erato/RCA album kept climbing the Billboard Classical Albums chart, and in January 1982 it reached the #1 position,[1] where it remained until May 1982, when it was knocked out of first place by an album featuring Pachelbel's Canon played by the Academy of Ancient Music directed by Christopher Hogwood.[14]

In 1982 pianist George Winston included his "Variations on the Kanon by Johann Pachelbel" on his solo piano album December, which has sold over three million copies. That same year, the magazine The New Yorker published a cartoon titled "Prisoner of Pachelbel" in which a prisoner hears over the loudspeaker, "For your listening pleasure, we once again present Pachelbel's Canon."[1]

The 1991 musical parody album WTWP Classical Talkity-Talk Radio by P. D. Q. Bach is set at a fictional radio station whose call letters stand for "Wall-To-Wall Pachelbel".[1]

Analysis

Pachelbel's Canon combines the techniques of canon and ground bass. Canon is a polyphonic device in which several voices play the same music, entering in sequence. In Pachelbel's piece, there are three voices engaged in canon (see Example 1), but there is also a fourth voice, the basso continuo, which plays an independent part.

Example 1. The first 9 measures of the Canon in D. The violins play a three-voice canon over the ground bass to provide the harmonic structure. Colors highlight the individual canonic entries.
The bass voice keeps repeating the same two-bar line throughout the piece.
The common musical term for this is ostinato, or ground bass (see the example below).
Example 2. Ground bass of Pachelbel's Canon made of two measures and eight notes being the ground of the eight chords of the canon.
The eight chords suggested by the bass are represented in the table below:
chord scale degree roman numeral
1 D major tonic I
2 A major dominant V
3 B minor submediant vi
4 F♯ minor/
D major		 mediant/
first inversion of tonic		 iii/
I6
5 G major subdominant IV
6 D major tonic I
7 G major subdominant IV
8 A major dominant V

In Germany, Italy, and France of the 17th century, some pieces built on ground bass were called chaconnes or passacaglias; such ground-bass works sometimes incorporate some form of variation in the upper voices. While some writers consider each of the 28 statements of the ground bass a separate variation,[2] one scholar finds that Pachelbel's canon is constructed of just 12 variations, mostly four bars in length, and describes them as follows:[15]

  1. (bars 3–6) quarter notes
  2. (bars 7–10) eighth notes
  3. (bars 11–14) sixteenth notes
  4. (bars 15–18) leaping quarter notes, rest
  5. (bars 19–22) 32nd-note pattern on scalar melody
  6. (bars 23–26) staccato, eighth notes and rests
  7. (bars 27–30) sixteenth note extensions of melody with upper neighbor notes
  8. (bars 31–38) repetitive sixteenth note patterns
  9. (bars 39–42) dotted rhythms
  10. (bars 43–46) dotted rhythms and 16th-note patterns on upper neighbor notes
  11. (bars 47–50) syncopated quarter and eighth notes rhythm
  12. (bars 51–56) eighth-note octave leaps

Pachelbel's Canon thus merges a strict polyphonic form (the canon) and a variation form (the chaconne, which itself is a mixture of ground bass composition and variations). Pachelbel skillfully constructs the variations to make them both pleasing and subtly undetectable.[15]

In 2002, pop music producer Pete Waterman described Canon in D as "almost the godfather of pop music because we've all used that in our own ways for the past 30 years". He also said that Kylie Minogue's 1988 UK Number One hit single "I Should Be So Lucky", which Waterman co-wrote and co-produced, was based on Canon in D.[16] The Farm's 1990 single "All Together Now" has its chord sequence lifted directly from Pachelbel's Canon.[6]

The Pet Shop Boys 1993 cover of "Go West" played up that song's resemblance to both Pachelbel's Canon and the Soviet Anthem. Coolio's 1997 "C U When U Get There" is built around a sample of the piece. Other songs that make use of the Pachelbel's Canon chord progression include "Streets of London" by Ralph McTell (1974), "Basket Case" by Green Day (1994) "Don't Look Back in Anger" by Oasis (1996) (though with a variation at the end) and "Graduation (Friends Forever)" by Vitamin C (2000) .[17]

In 2014, the UK based Co-Operative Funeralcare compiled a list of the most popular, classical, contemporary and religious music across 30,000 funerals. Canon in D was at position 2 in the Classical chart and overall position 11 and remains popular.[citation needed]

The Trans-Siberian Orchestra's 1998 song "Christmas Canon" is set to the tune of Pachelbel's Canon.[18]

The second half of Brian Eno's album Discreet Music (1975) features "Three Variations on the Canon in D Major by Johann Pachelbel", whose titles were derived from inaccurate French-to-English translations of the liner notes of a version of Pachelbel's Canon.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Fink, Robert (2010). "Prisoners of Pachelbel: An Essay in Post-Canonic Musicology". Hamburg Jahrbuch.
  2. ^ a b Ewald V. Nolte and John Butt, "Pachelbel: (1) Johann Pachelbel", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001). ISBN 1-56159-239-0.
  3. ^ Welter, Kathryn J. 1998. "Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer: A Critical Reexamination of His Life, Works, and Historical Significance", PhD diss. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University): p. 363.
  4. ^ Schulze, Hans-Joachim. Johann Christoph Bach (1671–1721) Organist and Schul Collega in Ohrdruf, Johann Sebastian Bachs erster Lehrer, in Bach Jahrbuch 71 (1985): 70 and footnote 79.
  5. ^ Brewer, Charles E. 2013. The Instrumental Music of Schmeltzer, Biber, Muffat and their Contemporaries, p. 335. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 9781409494225
  6. ^ a b Green, Thomas H (27 May 2004). "Altogether Now with Pachelbel". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  7. ^ Gustav Beckmann, Johann Pachelbel als Kammerkomponist, Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 1 (1918–19): 267–74. The Canon is found on p. 271.
  8. ^ Perreault, Jean M. 2004. The Thematic Catalogue of the Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel, p. 32. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md. ISBN 0-8108-4970-4.
  9. ^ Dohr, Christoph (2006), "Preface", Canon und Gigue für drei Violinen und Basso continuo (Urtext). Partitur und Stimmen (in German), Dohr Verlag, ISMN M-2020-1230-7
  10. ^ Daniel Guss, CD booklet to Pachelbel's Greatest Hit: The Ultimate Canon, BMG Classics (RCA Red Seal)
  11. ^ a b c Walton, Mary (17 January 1979). "Move over Mick Jagger; here's Johann Pachelbel". Knight-Ridder Newspapers.
  12. ^ Billboard Year-end Issue, December 25, 1976
  13. ^ Billboard Year-end Double Issue, December 24, 1977
  14. ^ Classical LPs Chart, Billboard, May 15, 1982
  15. ^ a b Kathryn Welter, "Johann Pachelbel: Organist, Teacher, Composer: A Critical Reexamination of His Life, Works, and Historical Significance", PhD diss. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1998): pp. 207–208.
  16. ^ "Pop mogul 'inspired by classics'". BBC News. 7 October 2002. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  17. ^ Chamings, Andrew Wallace. 2013.Canon in the 1990s: From Spiritualized to Coolio, Regurgitating Pachelbel's Canon
  18. ^ Chan, Lorne (18 December 2014). "Trans-Siberian Orchestra dusts off "The Christmas Attic"". San Antonio Express-News.

18. co-operativefuneralcare funeral music chartCo-Operative Funeralcare Retrieved 25 Nov 2015

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