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Pahari-Pothwari

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Pahari-Pothwari
پوٹھواری, پہاڑی
Poṭhwārī, Pahāṛī
Native toPakistan
RegionPothohar region of Punjab, Azad Kashmir and western parts of Jammu and Kashmir, other parts of India including Punjab and Haryana (by partition refugees and descendants)
Native speakers
several million[a]
Shahmukhi
Language codes
ISO 639-3phr
Glottologpaha1251  Pahari Potwari

Pahari-Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of Lahnda group,[b] spoken on the Pothohar Plateau in the far north of Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari (English: /pəˈhɑːri/;[1] an ambiguous name also applied to other unrelated languages of India), and Pothwari (or Pothohari).

The language is transitional between Hindko and Standard Punjabi and is mutually intelligible with both.[2] There have been efforts at cultivation as a literary language,[3] although a local standard has not been established yet.[4] The Shahmukhi script is used to write the language, such as in the works of Punjabi poet Mian Muhammad Bakhsh.

Grierson in his early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India assigned it to a so-called "Northern cluster" of Lahnda (Western Punjabi), but this classification, as well as the validity of the Lahnda grouping in this case, have been called into question.[5] In a sense both Pothwari, as well as other Lahnda varieties, and Standard Punjabi are "dialects" of a "Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage.[6]

Geographic distribution and dialects

[edit]
Map
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75km
50miles
Baramulla
Srinagar
Bagh
Rajouri
Poonch
Jhelum
Murree
Mirpur
Gujarkhan
Bharakao
Abbottabad
Muzaffarabad
Azad Kashmir and surrounding areas with some of the locations mentioned in this section. Places where Pahari–Pothwari is spoken are in dark red.

There are at least three major dialects: Pothwari, Mirpuri and Pahari.[c]

The dialects are mutually intelligible,[7] but the difference between the northernmost and the southernmost dialects (from Muzaffarabad and Mirpur respectively) is enough to cause difficulties in understanding.[8]

Pothohar Plateau

[edit]

Pothwari (پوٹھواری), also spelt Potwari, Potohari and Pothohari (پوٹھوہاری),[9] is spoken in the Pothohar Plateau of northern Punjab,[10] an area administratively within Rawalpindi division.[11] Pothwari is its most common name, and some call it Pindiwal Punjabi to differentiate it from the Punjabi spoken elsewhere in Punjab.[12]

Pothwar scenery with hill backdrop
Geographic distribution of various Pahari languages and dialects across the Lower Himalayas. (Blue - Pahari-Pothwari, Purple - Hindko)

Pothwari extends southwards up to the Salt Range, with the city of Jhelum marking the border with Majha Punjabi. To the north, Pothwari transitions into the Pahari-speaking area, with Bharakao, near Islamabad, generally regarded as the point where Pothwari ends and Pahari begins.[13] Pothwari has been represented as a dialect of Punjabi by the Punjabi language movement, [4] and in census reports the Pothwari areas of Punjab have been shown as Punjabi-majority.[d]

Among the dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari dialect cluster, the variety spoken on the Pothohar is the only native language in the Rawalpindi division and it is ethno-linguistic group.[citation needed] This Pothwari is also regarded as the most prestigious dialect spoken in the region.[citation needed]

Mirpur

[edit]

East of the Pothwari areas, across the Jhelum River into Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, the language is more similar to Pothwari than to the Pahari spoken in the rest of Azad Kashmir.[14] Locally it is known by a variety of names:[e] Pahari, Mirpur Pahari, Mirpuri,[f] and Pothwari,[15] while some of its speakers call it Punjabi.[16] Mirpuris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir, such as the Pothwari Punjabis.[17] The Mirpur region has been the source of the greater part of Pakistani immigration to the UK, a process that started when thousands were displaced by the construction of the Mangla Dam in the 1960s and emigrated to fill labour shortages in England.[18] The British Mirpuri diaspora now numbers several hundred thousand, and Pahari has been argued to be the second most common mother tongue in the UK, yet the language is little known in the wider society there and its status has remained surrounded by confusion.[19]

Kashmir, Murree and the Galyat

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Pahari (پہاڑی) is spoken to the north of Pothwari. The central cluster of Pahari dialects is found around Murree.[20] This area is in the Galyat: the hill country of Murree Tehsil in the northeast of Rawalpindi District (just north of the capital Islamabad) and the adjoining areas in southeastern Abbottabad District.[21] One name occasionally found in the literature for this language is Dhundi-Kairali (Ḍhūṇḍī-Kaiṛālī), a term first used by Grierson[22] who based it on the names of the two major tribes of the area – the Kairal and the Dhund.[10] Its speakers call it Pahari in Murree tehsil, while in Abbottabad district it is known as either Hindko or Ḍhūṇḍī.[23] Nevertheless, Hindko – properly the language of the rest of Abbottabad District and the neighbouring areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – is generally regarded as a different language.[24] It forms a dialect continuum with Pahari, [10] and the transition between the two is in northern Azad Kashmir and in the Galyat region. For example, on the road from Murree northwest towards the city of Abbottabad, Pahari gradually changes into Hindko between Ayubia and Nathiagali.[25]

Distribution of Pahari-Pothwari dialects with subdivisions overlayed

A closely related dialect is spoken across the Jhelum River in Azad Kashmir, north of the Mirpuri areas. Names associated in the literature with this dialect are Pahari (itself the term most commonly used by the speakers themselves), Chibhālī,[26] named after the Chibhal region[27] or the Chibh ethnic group,[11] and Pahari (Poonchi) (پونچھی, also spelt Punchhi). The latter name has been variously applied to either the Chibhali variety specific to the district of Poonch,[28] or to the dialect of the whole northern half of Azad Kashmir.[29] This dialect (or dialects) has been seen either as a separate dialect from the one in Murree,[22] or as belonging to the same central group of Pahari dialects.[30] The dialect of the district of Bagh, for example, has more shared vocabulary with the core dialects from Murree (86–88%) than with the varieties of either Muzaffarabad (84%) or Mirpur (78%).[31]

In Muzaffarabad the dialect shows lexical similarity[g] of 83–88% with the central group of Pahari dialects, which is high enough for the authors of the sociolinguistic survey to classify it is a central dialect itself, but low enough to warrant noting its borderline status.[32] The speakers however tend to call their language Hindko[33] and to identify more with the Hindko spoken to the west,[34] despite the lower lexical similarity (73–79%) with the core Hindko dialects of Abbottabad and Mansehra.[35] Further north into the Neelam Valley the dialect, now known locally as Parmi, becomes closer to Hindko.[36]

Pahari is also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,[37] is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara,[38] and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.[39] Pahari is among the regional languages listed in the sixth schedule of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[40] This Pahari is sometimes conflated with the Western Pahari languages spoken in the mountainous region in the south-east of Indian Jammu and Kashmir. These languages, which include Bhadarwahi and its neighbours, are often called "Pahari", although not same they are closely related to Pahari–Pothwari.[41]

Diaspora

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari is also very widely spoken in the United Kingdom. Labour shortages after World War II, and the displacement of peoples caused by the construction of the Mangla Dam, facilitated extensive migration of Pahari-Pothwari speakers to the UK during the 1950s and 1960s, especially from the Mirpur District. Academics estimate that between two thirds and 80% of people officially classified as British Pakistanis originate as part of this diaspora, with some suggesting that it is the second most spoken language of the United Kingdom, ahead of even Welsh, with hundreds of thousands of speakers.[42] However, since there is little awareness of the identity of the language among speakers,[43] census results do not reflect this.[44] The highest proportions of Pahari-Pothwari speakers are found in urban centres, especially the West Midlands conurbation and the West Yorkshire Built-up Area.[44]

Phonology

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Vowels

[edit]
Vowels of Pahari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close ĩː ũː
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Mid e ẽː ə o
Open æ æː ãː
Vowels of Pothwari
Front Central Back
oral nasal oral nasal oral nasal
Close i ĩ ĩː u ũ ũː
Mid e ɐ ɐ̃ o õ
Open ɑ ɑ̃

A long diphthong /ɑi/ can be realized as [äː].[45]

Consonants

[edit]
Consonants of Pahari[46]
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Stop/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
aspirated t̪ʰ t͡ʃʰ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ɣ ɦ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant l j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
Consonants of Pothwari[45]
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal
Velar/
Uvular
Glottal
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated ʈʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
breathy ɖʱ ɡʱ
Affricate voiceless t͡s
aspirated t͡sʰ
voiced d͡z
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʃ (χ) h
voiced v z (ʒ) (ʁ)
Nasal m n ɳ
Approximant l ɭ j
Tap/Trill r ɽ
  • Sounds [f, ʒ, χ, ʁ, q] are heard from Persian and Arabic loanwords.
  • /h/ is realized as voiced [ɦ] in word-initial position.
  • /n/ before a velar consonant can be heard as [ŋ].[45]

Grammar and notable features

[edit]

Future Tense

[edit]

The future tense in Pothwari is formed by adding -s as opposed to the Eastern Punjabi gā.[47]

This tense is also used in other Western Punjabi dialects such as the Jatki dialects, Shahpuri, Jhangochi and Dhanni, as well as in and Hindko and Saraiki.[48]

English Pahari-Pothwari Eastern Punjabi
Transliteration Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
I will do Mãi karsā̃ مَیں کرساں ਮੈਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ Mãi karāngā مَیں کرانگا ਮੈਂ ਕਰਾਂਗਾ
We will do Asā̃ karsā̃ اَساں کرساں ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਸਾਂ Asī̃ karānge اَسِیں کرانگے ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਾਂਗੇ
You will do (s) Tū̃ karsãi تُوں کرسَیں ਤੂੰ ਕਰਸੈਂ Tū̃ karãigā تُوں کریں گا ਤੂੰ ਕਰੇਂਗਾ
You will do (p) Tusā̃ karso تُساں کرسو ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਸੋ Tusī̃ karoge تُسِیں کروگے ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰੋਗੇ
He/She will do Ó karsi اوه کَرسی ਓਹ ਕਰਸੀ Ó karega اوه کرے گا ਓਹ ਕਰੇਗਾ
They will do Ó karsan اوہ کرسن ਓਹ ਕਰਸਨ Ó karaṇge اوه کرݨ گے ਓਹ ਕਰਣਗੇ

This type of future tense was also used by classical Punjabi poets. Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah sometimes uses a similar form of future tense in his poetry[49]

Shahmukhi: جو کُجھ کَرسین, سو کُجھ پاسیں

Transliteration: Jo kujh karsãi, so kujh paasãi

Translation: Whatsoever you do, is what you shall gain

- From one of Bulleh Shah's poems[50]

Continuous Tense

[edit]

Similar to other Punjabi varieties, Pothwari uses peyā (past tense form of pēṇā) to signify the continuous tense.[51]

Present Continuous

[edit]
English Pahari-Pothwari
Transliteration Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
I am doing (m.) Mē̃ karnā peyā ā̃̀ میں کرنا پیا ہاں ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
We are doing (m./mixed) Asā̃ karne pa'e ā̃̀ اساں کرنے پئے ہاں ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹਾਂ
You are doing (sing., m.) Tū̃ karna peya aĩ̀ تُوں کرنا پیا ہیں ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈਂ
You are doing (sing., f.) Tū̃ karnī paī aĩ̀ تُوں کرنی پئی ہیں ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਹੈਂ
You are doing (plural, m./mixed) Tusā̃ karne pa'e ò تُساں کرنے پئے ہو ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹੋ
He is doing Ó karna peya aì اوہ کرنا پیا ہے ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈ
She is doing Ó karnī paī aì اوہ کرنی پئی ہے ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਹੈ
They are doing (m.) Ó karne pa'e ìn اوہ کرنے پئے ہِن ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਹਿਨ
They are doing (f.) Ó karniyā̃ paiyā̃ ìn اوہ کرنیاں پئیاں ہِن ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਹਿਨ

Past Continuous

[edit]

The past tense in Pothwari resembles that of Eastern Punjabi, however depending on the dialect, there may be slight variations.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
I was doing (m.) میں کرنا پیا ساں

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ

maĩ karna pya sã

میں کردا پیا ساں

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾਂ

maĩ karda pya sã

We were doing (m./mixed) اساں کرنے پئے سیاں/ساں

ਅਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਆਂ/ਸਾਂ

اسِیں کردے پئے ساں

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਾਂ

You were doing (sing., m.) تُوں کرنا پیا سیں

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ

تُوں کردا پیا سیں

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੈਂ

You were doing (pl., m./mixed or sing. formal) تُساں کرنے پئے سیو/سو

ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸਿਓ/ਸੋ

تُسِیں کردے پئے سو

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸੋ

He was doing اوہ کرنا پیا سا/سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਸਾ/ਸੀ

اوہ کردا پیا سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਸੀ

She was doing اوہ کرنی پئی سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ

اوہ کردی پئی سی

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ

They were doing (m./mixed) اوہ کرنے پئے سے/سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੇ ਪਏ ਸੇ/ਸਨ

اوہ کردے پئے سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਪਏ ਸਨ

They were doing (f.) اوہ کرنِیاں پئیاں سِیاں/سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਨੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸੀਆਂ/ਸਨ

اوہ کردِیاں پئیاں سن

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਸਨ

The place of "pyā" may sometimes be switched with respect to the verb. This is common in Majhi (e.g: Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Teri Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃) and as well as in Jhangochi, Shahpuri, etc

"Tusā̃ báhū̃ changā kamm karne ò pa'e", meaning "You (plural/sing. formal) are doing a very good thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ éhe gall ākhnā sā̃ peyā", meaning "I was also saying the same thing"

"Mē̃ vī tā̃ ehe gall peyā ākhnā ā̃̀", meaning "I am also saying the same thing"

Common prepositions, adjectives and adverbs

[edit]

These are typically the same in Pothohari and Standard Punjabi, but some differences can be noted.

Prepositions and adverbs:

[edit]
English Pothohari Standard Punjabi
Which (relative) جیہڑا / ਜਿਹੜਾ جیہڑا / ਜਿਹੜਾ
Which (interogative) کیہڑا / ਕਿਹੜਾ کیہڑا / ਕਿਹੜਾ
If جے / ਜੇ جے / ਜੇ
And تے / ਤੇ تے / ਤੇ
Near نیڑے / ਨੇੜੇ نیڑے / ਨੇੜੇ
Distant پرھاں / ਪਰ੍ਹਾਂ پرھاں / ਪਰ੍ਹਾਂ
Before / Previously اگّے / ਅੱਗੇ اگّے / ਅੱਗੇ
Hence / Thus تاں مارے / ਤਾਂ ਮਾਰੇ تاں کرکے / ਤਾਂ ਕਰਕੇ
Exactly why تاں ای / ਤਾਂਹੀ تاں ای / ਤਾਂਹੀ
First پہلوں / ਪਹਿਲੋਂ پہلوں / پہلاں

ਪਹਿਲੋਂ / ਪਹਿਲਾਂ

Once اِکّ واری / ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰੀ اِکّ واری / ਇੱਕ ਵਾਰੀ
Now ہُن / ਹੁਣ ہُن / ਹੁਣ
Just now ہُنے / میسں

ਹੁਣੇ / ਮਸੇਂ

ہُنے / ਹੁਣੇ
Right at that time اوسے ویلے / ਓਸੇ ਵੇਲੇ اوسے ویلے / ਓਸੇ ਵੇਲੇ
Sometimes کدے / ਕਦੇ کدے / کدی

ਕਦੇ / ਕਦੀ

Somewhere کِرے / کُرے

ਕਿਰੇ / ਕੁਰੇ

کِتّے / کِدھرے

ਕਿੱਤੇ / ਕਿਧਰੇ

When کدوں / ਕਦੋਂ کدوں / ਕਦੋਂ
Like this (adv.) ایوں / اِنج / اِسراں ایوں / اِنج / اِس طرحاں
Like this (adj.) ایہے جیہا / ਇਹੇ-ਜਿਹਾ ایہو جیہا / ਇਹੋ-ਜਿਹਾ
Exactly this / Only this ایہے / ਇਹੇ ایہو / ਇਹੋ
Above اَپّر / ਅੱਪਰ اُتّے / اُپّر

ਉੱਤੇ / ਉੱਪਰ

Below تھلّے / بُن

ਬੁਨ / ਥੱਲੇ

تھلّے / ਥੱਲੇ
From below تھلّوں / ਥੱਲੂੰ تھلّوں / ਥੱਲੋਂ
Right سجّے / ਸੱਜੇ سجّے / ਸੱਜੇ
Left کھبّے / ਖੱਬੇ کھبّے / ਖੱਬੇ
Within وِچّ / ਵਿੱਚ وِچّ / ਵਿੱਚ
From within وِچّّوں / ਵਿੱਚੂੰ وِچّوں / ਵਿੱਚੋਂ
Between وِشکار / ਵਿਸ਼ਕਾਰ وِچکار / ਵਿਚਕਾਰ
From توں / سوں / کولں

ਤੂੰ / ਕੋਲੂੰ / ਸੂੰ

توں / کولوں

ਤੋਂ / ਕੋਲੋਂ

From the front اگّوں / ਅੱਗੂੰ اگّوں / ਅੱਗੋਂ
From behind پِچھوں، مگروں

ਪਿੱਛੂੰ / ਮਗਰੂੰ

پِچھوں، مگروں

ਪਿੱਛੋਂ / ਮਗਰੋਂ

In comparision کولوں / نالوں

ਕੋਲੂੰ / ਨਾਲੂੰ

کولوں / نالوں

ਕੋਲੋਂ / ਨਾਲੋਂ

With (utility) نال / ਨਾਲ نال / ਨਾਲ
Furthermore نالے / ਨਾਲੇ نالے / ਨਾਲੇ
Yet / Still حالے / اجے

ਅਜੇ / ਹਾਲੇ

حالے / اجے

ਅਜੇ / ਹਾਲੇ

With (possession) کول / ਕੋਲ کول / ਕੋਲ
Along / Including سݨے / ਸਣੇ سݨے / ਸਣੇ
ٰEverywhere چوہاں پاسے / ਚੌਹਾਂ-ਪਾਸੇ چوہاں پاسے / ਚੌਹਾਂ-ਪਾਸੇ
Properly چنگی طرحاں / ਚੰਗਾ-ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ چنگی طرحاں / ਚੰਗਾ-ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ
Harshly ڈاہڈا / ਡਾਹਢਾ ڈاہڈا / ਡਾਹਢਾ
With ease سوکھا / ਸੌਖਾ سوکھا / ਸੌਖਾ
With difficulty اوکھا / ਔਖਾ اوکھا / ਔਖਾ
Lest متے / ਮਤੇ متاں / کِتے ایہہ نہ ہووے

ਮਤਾਂ

Who knows خورے / ਖ਼ੌਰੇ خورے / ਖ਼ੌਰੇ
Very بہُوں / ਬਹੂੰ ਵਾਹਵਾ / ਬਾਹਲਾ

(بہوں is used in most Western Punjabi dialects)

Enough بتیرا / ਬਤੇਰਾ بتھیرا / بتیرا

ਬਤੇਰਾ / ਬਥੇਰਾ

Less گھٹّ / ਘੱਟ گھٹّ / ਘੱਟ
Alone کلھیوں / ਕੱਲ੍ਹਿਓਂ کلھیاں / ਕੱਲ੍ਹਿਆਂ  
Together کٹھّیوں / ਕੱਠਿਓਂ کٹھّیاں / ਕੱਠਿਆਂ
Again مُڑی تے / ਮੁੜੀ-ਤੇ مُڑکے / ਮੁੜਕੇ
Repeatedly مُڑی مُڑی / ਮੁੜੀ ਮੁੜੀ مُڑ مُڑ / ਮੁੜ ਮੁੜ
Eventually ہَولے ہَولے / ਹੌਲੇ ਹੌਲੇ ہَولی ہَولی / ਹੌਲੀ ਹੌਲੀ
Quickly بہلی / ਬਹਿਲੀ چھیتی / ਛੇਤੀ
This much (quality.) ایڈا / ਐਡਾ ایڈا / ਐਡਾ
This much (quantity.) ہیتݨاں / ਹੇਤਣਾਂ اِنّا / ਇੰਨਾ
Alright / Okay / Oh ਹਲਾ / ہلا ਅੱਛਾ / اچّھا

Note:

  • Some Majhi subdielcts do use کٹھّیوں for کٹھّیاں
  • Standard Punjabi makes use of اُپّر
  • In Pothohari مسیں means now, while in other dialects مسیں / مساں means "barely/hardly"
  • The pronunciation وِشکار is not unique to Pothohari alone
  • The word and expression ہلا / Hala is common throughout Western Punjab, also used in Majhi

Adjectives:

[edit]
English Pothohari Majhi
Difficult اوکھا اوکھا
Easy سَوکھا سَوکھا
Small نِکّا نِکّا
Large بڑا / بڈّا وڈّا
Unfamiliar اوپرا اوپرا
New نوَاں نوَاں
Old پراݨاں پراݨاں
Straight سِدھّا سِدھّا
Inverted پُٹھّا پُٹھّا
Crooked ڈِنگّا ڈِنگّا
High اُچّا اُچّا
Low نِیواں نِیواں
Good چنگا چنگا
Bad ماڑا / مندا ماڑا / مندا
Very bad بھَیڑا بھَیڑا
Heavy بھارا بھارا
Light ہَولا ہَولا
Narrow سَوڑا سَوڑا
Open کھُلھّا کھُلھّا
Firm پِیڈا پِیڈا
Loose ڈھِلّا ڈھِلّا
Late چِرکا چِرکا
On time ویلے نال ویلے نال
Red رتّا لال رتّا لال
Crimson سُوہا کھٹّ سُوہا کھٹّ
White چِٹّا دُدھّ چِٹّا دُدھّ
Black کالا شاہ کالا شاہ
Yellow پِلّا زرد پِلّا زرد
Sweet مِٹھّا مِٹھّا
Bitter کَوڑا کَوڑا
Slow مٹھّا مٹھّا
Well بلّ ولّ
Empty سکھّݨاں سکھّݨاں
Filled بھریا بھریا
Dry سُکّا / آٹھریا سُکّا / آٹھریا
Wet گِلّا / بھِجّا گِلّا / بھِجّا
Hot تتّا تتّا
Cold ٹھڈّا ٹھنڈا
Hungry بھُکھّا بھُکھّا
Fed رجّیا پُجّیا رجّیا پُجّیا
Smart سیاݨا سیاݨا
Fool جھلّا جھلّا
Deep ڈُونگھا ڈُونگھا
Beautiful سوہݨاں سوہݨاں
Ugly کوجھا کوجھا
Evil لُچّا لُچّا
Faux naïf مِیسݨا مِیسݨا

Tribal groupings

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari speakers belong to the same tribes found in Punjab. While the names of the tribes remain the same, the Punjabi word for tribe Birādrī/Barādarī (برادری) becomes Bilādrī/Balādarī (بل ادری) in Pahari-Pothwari and several other Punjabi dialects such as Jatki/Shahpuri.

Numbering system

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari follows the numbering traditions of Standard Punjabi. A point of departure from Eastern Punjabi dialects occurs in the use of Trai (ترَے) instead of Tinn (تِنّ) for the number 3. Other Western Punjabi dialects also tend to use trai over tinn.[52]

Similarly, Pothwari, Majhi and other Western Punjabi dialects use "Yārā̃" (یاراں) for "Gyarā̃" (گیاراں), "Trei" (ترئی) for "Tei" (تئی) "Panji" (پنجِی) for "Pachchi" (پچّی) and "Trih" (ترِیہہ) for "Tih" (تِیہہ), for the numbers 11, 23, 25, and 30.

Unlike Jhangochi, Shahpuri and Dhanni Punjabi dialects, Pothohari does not use "Dāh" for 10, and instead uses "Das" as in Eastern Punjabi and Urdu/Hindi.

English Pahari-Pothwari
Numbers Numerals Transliteration Shahmukhi Numerals
One 1 ikk اِکّ ۱
Two 2 do دو ۲
Three 3 trai ترَے ۳
Four 4 chār چار ۴
Five 5 panj پَنج ۵
Six 6 che چھے ۶
Seven 7 satt سَتّ ۷
Eight 8 aṭṭh اَٹّھ ۸
Nine 9 nau نَو ۹
Ten 10 das دَس ۱۰

Oblique form

[edit]

The numbers in their oblique form function the same throughout Punjabi dialects.

English Pothohari Jhangochi Majhi
I got it for forty-four میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں نا آندا آ میں ایہہ چُرتالیاں دا آندا اے میں ایہہ چوتالیاں دا آندا آ
Above twenty-five or thirty پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اپّر پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے پنجِیاں ترِیہاں توں اُتّے
After two or four days دوَنہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں بعد دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں دَونہہ چَونہہ دیہاڑیاں پِچھّوں
At 8:46 اٹھّ چھتالیاں اپّر اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے اٹھّ چھتالیاں تے
For almost five lac پنجاں اِک لکھّاں نا پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا پنجاں اِک لکھّاں دا
Nearing twenty وِیہاں نے نیڑے وِیہاں دے نیڑے وِیہاں دے نیڑے

Ordinals

[edit]

The ordinal numbers are largely the same. The only difference occurs in the words for Second and Third. Second is Doowa (دووا) in Pothwari, whilst it is Dooja (دوجا) in Punjabi. Likewise Third is Treeya (تریا) in Pothwari whilst it is Teeja (تیجا) in Punjabi. Western Punjabi in general tends to follow this trend.

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi Jatki
Ordinals Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration Shahmukhi Transliteration
First پہلا Pehla پہلا Pehla پہلا Pehla
Second دووا Dūwā دوجا Dūjjā دووا / دُوجا Dūwā / Dūjjā
Third تریا Trīyā تیجا Tījjā ترِجیا Trījjā
Fourth چوتھا Chauttha چَوتھا Chauttha چَوتھا Chauttha

Pronouns

[edit]

Direct case

[edit]
Person Romanisation Shahmukhi
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person Mē̃ As میں اس
2nd Person Tū̃ Tus توں تُس
3rd Person Near É ایہ
Remote Ó اوہ

Oblique Case

[edit]
Person Romanisation Shahmukhi
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person Mē̃ Asā̃ میں اساں
2nd Person Tū̃ Tusā̃ توں تُساں
3rd Person Near Is Innā̃ اِس اِنّاں
Remote Us Unnā̃ اُس اُنّاں

Pronominal suffixes

Pothohari makes use of the general Punjabi suffixes.

romanisation
singular plural
2nd person -ne
3rd person -s -ne
English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
Alright what did he say next? (3rd person sing.) ਹਲਾ ਫ਼ੇਰ ਕੇ ਆਖ਼ਿਆਸ?

ہلا فیر کے آخیاس؟

ਹਲਾ ਮੁੜ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਉਸ?

ਹਲਾ ਮੁੜ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ?

ہلا مُڑکی آکھیُس؟

ہلا مُڑ کی آکھیا سُو؟

ਹਲਾ ਫ਼ੇਰ ਕੀ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ?
Are you hands and feet broken? (2nd person plural.) ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ?

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟

ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ?

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟

ਹੱਥ ਪੈਰ ਭੱਜੇ ਨੀ? (ਜਾਂ ਟੁੱਟੇ)

ہتھّ پَیر بھجّے نی؟ (یاں ٹُٹّے)

I brought it for you (2nd person sing.) ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤਹਾੜੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ  

ایہہ میں تہاڑے آسطے آندا ای

ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ  

ایہہ میں تیرے آسطے آندا ای

ਇਹ ਮੈਂ ਤੇਰੇ ਆਸਤੇ ਆਂਦਾ ਈ  

ایہہ میں تیرے آسطے آندا ای

Did you eat? (2nd person respect.) ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਨੇ?

روٹی کھادی نے؟

ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਹਿਨੇ?

روٹی کھادی ہِنے؟

ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਧੀ ਜੇ?

روٹی کھادی جے؟

He didn't even bother this much (3rd person sing.) ਹੇਤਣਾਂ ਵੀ ਨੇਸ ਆਖ਼ਿਆ

ہیتݨاں وی نہیس آخیا

ਏਤਣਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਿਸੂ ਆਖਿਆ

ایتݨاں وی نِسُو آکھیا

ਇੰਨਾ ਵੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਖਿਆ ਸੂ

اِنّا وی نہیں آخیا سُو

Vocative case

[edit]

These cases remain the same between Pothohari and other dialects.

As example of the vocative case:

English Pothohari Majhi
Oh my son! او مہاڑیا پُتّرا او میریا پُتّرا
You born to a blind a woman! انّھی نیا انھّی دیا
Oh you people of God! او ﷲ نیو بندیو او ﷲ دیو بندیو
Listen to me girl نی کُڑِیئے گلّ سُݨ نی کُڑِیئے گلّ سُݨ
Brother! بھراوا بھراوا
Oh elderly! (can be singular) بزرگو بزرگو

Dative and definite object marker

[edit]

The dative and definite object marker in Pothwari is (ਕੀ /کی) as opposed to nū̃ (ਨੂੰ / نوں) in Standard Punjabi.

  • The phrase: lokkā̃ nū̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ / لوکاں نوں), meaning "to the people" in Standard Punjabi, would become lokkā̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਕੀ / لوکاں کی) in Pothwari.

Hence, the objective personal pronouns would be as follows:

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
To me میکی ਮਿਕੀ مَینُوں ਮੈਨੂੰ
To you (sing.) تُکی ਤੁਕੀ تَینُوں ਤੈਨੂੰ
To you (plural.) تُساں کی ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ تُہانُوں ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ
To us اساں کی ਅਸਾਂ ਕੀ سانُوں ਸਾਨੂੰ
To him/her اُس کی ਉਸ ਕੀ اوہنُوں ਓਹਨੂੰ

Genitive marker

[edit]

The genitive marker in Pahari-Pothwari is represented through the use of (ਨਾ / نا) as opposed to (ਦਾ / دا) in common Punjabi.[53]

  • The phrase: lokkā̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ / لوکاں دا), meaning "people's" or "of the people" in Pahari-Pothwari, would become lokkā̃ (ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾ / لوکاں نا)

It should also be noted that in Pahari-Pothwari, the present form of verb does not end with the standard sound either, and is replaced with nā. This means that ākhdā would be ākhnā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to say" and similarly the word takkdā would be takknā in Pahari-Pothwari meaning "to look/to watch".

For example:

  • Miki eh nih si cāhinā (میکی ایہہ نِیہ سی چاہینا), meaning "This is not what I wanted"
  • Oh kai pyā ākhnā ae? (اوہ کے پیا آکھنا ہے؟), meaning "What is he saying?"
  • This also affects the common Punjabi passive tense: Isrā̃ nih ākhī nā (اِسراں نہیں آکھی نا), instead of "ākhee dā", meaning "That's not how it should be said"

Note: In Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi, Jhangochi) it is not uncommon for the present tense to shift from "" to " " when in first person singular, first person plural and second person singular. In these cases all dialects end up utilizing the " " form of verb.

An example would be Noor Jehan's "Chann Māhi Tere Rāh Pyi Takkni Aā̃". (instead of Takkdi)

English Pothohari Majhi Jhangochi
We come اساں اچھنے آں

ਅਸਾਂ ਅਛਨੇ ਆਂ  

اسِیں آؤنے آں

ਅਸੀਂ ਆਉਨੇ ਆਂ

اسِیں آنے آں

ਅਸੀਂ ਆਨੇ ਆਂ

What do you say? تُوں کے آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੇ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

تُوں کی آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੀ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

تُوں کی آہنا ایں؟

ਤੂੰ ਕੀ ਆਹਨਾ ਐਂ?

The things I do جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ

جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ ਆਂ

جیہڑے کمّ میں کرنا/کریٔنا آں

ਜਿਹੜੇ ਕੰਮ ਮੈਂ ਕਰਨਾ/ਕਰੇਨਾ ਆਂ

This also affects some of the genitive pronouns.

[edit]
English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko
Jhangvi/Shahpuri Dhanni
Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
Mine مھاڑا ਮ੍ਹਾੜਾ میرا ਮੇਰਾ مَینڈھا ਮੈਂਢਾ مڑھا ਮੜ੍ਹਾ
Yours (sing.) تَہاڑا ਤ੍ਹਾੜਾ تیرا ਤੇਰਾ تَینڈھا ਤੈਂਢਾ تُڑھا ਤੁੜ੍ਹਾ
Yours (plural.) تُساں نا ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨਾ تُہاڈا ਤੁਹਾਡਾ تُساڈا / تُساں دا ਤੁਸਾਡਾ / ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ تُساں دا ਤੁਸਾਂ ਦਾ
Ours اساں نا / ساہڑا ਅਸਾਂ ਨਾ / ਸਾੜਾ ساڈا ਸਾਡਾ اساڈا / اساں دا ਅਸਾਡਾ / ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ اساں دا ਅਸਾਂ ਦਾ

Oblique case of nouns

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari has unique forms for nouns in oblique cases. This is not observed in Standard Punjabi, but is seen in Hindko.[54]

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
Housework گھرے نا کمّ ਘਰੇ ਨਾ ਕੰਮ گھر دا کمّ ਘਰ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ
Dinner راتی نی روٹی ਰਾਤੀ ਨੀ ਰੋਟੀ رات دی روٹی ਰਾਤ ਦੀ ਰੋਟੀ
In a young age نِکّی عُمرے وِچّ ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ نِکّی عُمر وِچّ ਨਿੱਕੀ ਉਮਰ ਵਿੱਚ
On my heart مھاڑے دِلّے اپّر ਮਹਾੜੇ ਦਿਲੇ ਅੱਪਰ میرے دِل تے ਮੇਰੇ ਦਿਲ ਤੇ
With care دھیاݨے نال ਧਿਆਣੇ ਨਾਲ دھیان نال ਧਿਆਨ ਨਾਲ
Patiently ارامے نال ਅਰਾਮੇ ਨਾਲ ارام نال ਅਰਾਮ ਨਾਲ
To my sister بھیݨُوں کی ਭੈਣੂਂ ਕੀ بھین نُوں ਭੈਣ ਨੂੰ
For my brother بھراُو آسطے ਭਰਾਊ ਆਸਤੇ بھرا آسطے ਭਰਾ ਆਸਤੇ
Important detail کمّے نی گلّ ਕੰਮੇ ਨੀ ਗੱਲ کمّ دی گلّ ਕੰਮ ਦੀ ਗੱਲ
There's no accounting for taste شَونقے نا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوݨا ਸ਼ੌਂਕੇ ਨਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋਣਾ شَونق دا کوئی مُل نہیں ہوندا ਸ਼ੌਂਕ ਦਾ ਕੋਈ ਮੁੱਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੁੰਦਾ
Understand the point گلّے کی سمجھ ਗੱਲੇ ਕੀ ਸਮਝ گلّ نُوں سمجھ ਗੱਲ ਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ

Adding "i" to root form of verb

[edit]

A peculiar feature of Pahari-Pothwari is to end the basic root form of verbs with an "i" sound.[55]

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
It happened ہوئی گیا ਹੋਈ ਗਿਆ ہو گیا ਹੋ ਗਿਆ
It may be possible ہوئی سکنا اے ਹੋਈ ਸਕਣਾ ਐ ہو سکدا اے ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਐ
Together رلی مِلی تے ਰਲੀ ਮਿਲੀ ਤੇ رل مِل کے ਰਲ ਮਿਲ ਕੇ
Finish it مُکائی چھوڑ ਮੁਕਾਈ ਛੋੜ مُکا چھڈّ/چھوڑ ਮੁਕਾ ਛੋੜ/ਛੱਡ
Look تکّی گھِنو ਤੱਕੀ ਘਿਨੋ تکّ لوو ਤੱਕ ਲਵੋ
Come back after having lunch روٹی کھائی تے مُڑی اچھِیں ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਈ ਤੇ ਮੁੜੀ ਅਛੀਂ روٹی کھا کے مُڑ آوِیں ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਮੁੜ ਆਵੀਂ
Eat it کھائی گھِن ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ کھا لَے ਖਾ ਲੈ
Sit quietly for once کدے ٹِکی تے بہی وی جُلیا کر ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕੀ ਤੇ ਬਹੀ ਵੀ ਜੁਲਿਆ ਕਰ کدے ٹِک کے بہہ وی جایا کر ਕਦੇ ਟਿੱਕ ਕੇ ਬਹਿ ਵੀ ਜਾਇਆ ਕਰ

Vocabulary

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General verbs

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A majority of the general verbs between Pothohari and most other dialects of Punjabi appears to be the same.[56]

English Pothohari Majhi
Taking out ਕੱਢਣਾ / کڈھّݨا ਕੱਢਣਾ / کڈھّݨا
Taking off ਲਾਹਣਾ / لاہݨا ਲਾਹੁਣਾ / لاہُݨا
Applying ਲਾਣਾ / لاݨا ਲਾਉਣਾ / لاؤݨا
Decreasing ਘੱਟਣਾ / گھٹّݨا ਘੱਟਣਾ / گھٹّݨا
Jumping ਛਾਲ ਮਾਰਨੀ / چھال مارنی ਛਾਲ ਮਾਰਨੀ / چھال مارنی
Agreeing ਮੰਨਣਾ / منّݨا ਮੰਨਣਾ / منّݨا
Hesitating ਝੱਕਣਾ / جھکّݨا ਝੱਕਣਾ / جھکّݨا
Forgetting ਭੁਲੱਣਾ / بھُلّݨا ਭੁਲੱਣਾ / بھُلّݨا
Wearing / Pouring ਬਾਣਾ / باݨا ਪਾਉਣਾ / پاؤݨا
Lying / To be poured ਪੈਣਾ / پَیݨا ਪੈਣਾ / پَیݨا
Sitting ਬਹਿਣਾ / بہݨا ਬਹਿਣਾ / بہݨا
Breaking ਭੰਨਣਾ / بھنّݨا ਭੰਨਣਾ / بھنّݨا
Returning ਮੋੜਨਾ / موڑنا ਮੋੜਨਾ / موڑنا
Flipping ਪਰਤਾਣਾ / پرتاݨا ਪਰਤਾਉਣਾ / پرتاؤݨا
Seeing ਤੱਖਣਾ / تکھّݨا ਤੱਕਣਾ ਜਾਂ ਵੇਖਣਾ

تکّݨا یاں ویکھݨا

To be seen ਦਿੱਸਣਾ / دِسّݨا ਦਿੱਸਣਾ / دِسّݨا
Telling ਦੱਸਣਾ / دسّݨا ਦੱਸਣਾ / دسّݨا
Saying ਆਖ਼ਣਾ / آخݨا ਆਖਣਾ / آکھݨا
Running ਨੱਸਣਾ / نسّݨا ਨੱਸਣਾ / نسّݨا
Falling ਢਹਿਣਾ / ڈھہݨا ਢਹਿਣਾ ਜਾਂ ਡਿੱਗਣਾ

ڈھہݨا یاں ڈِگّݨا

Slipping ਤਿਲਕਣਾ / تِلکݨا ਤਿਲਕਣਾ / تِلکݨا
Chewing ਚਿੱਥਣਾ / چِتھّݨا ਚਿੱਥਣਾ / چِتھّݨا
Coughing ਖੰਘਣਾ / کھنگھݨا ਖੰਘਣਾ / کھنگھݨا
Raise ਚਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / چاڑھنا ਚਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / چاڑھنا
Coming ਅਛਣਾ / اچھݨا ਆਉਣਾ / آؤݨا
Walking ਟੁਰਨਾ / ٹُرنا ਟੁਰਨਾ / ٹُرنا
Pulling ਛਿੱਕਣਾ / چھِکّݨا ਛਿੱਕਣਾ / ਖਿੱਚਣਾ

چھِکّݨا / کھِچّݨا

Passing ਲੰਘਣਾ / لنگھّݨا ਲੰਘਣਾ / لنگھّݨا
Capturing ਮੱਲਣਾ / مَلّݨا ਮੱਲਣਾ / مَلّݨا
Cooling ਠਾਰਨਾ / ٹھارنا ਠਾਰਨਾ / ٹھارنا
Obtaining ਲੱਭਣਾ / لبھّݨا ਲੱਭਣਾ / لبھّݨا
Lighting up ਬਾਲਣਾ / بالݨا ਬਾਲਣਾ / بالݨا
Cooking ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / رِنھّݨا ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / رِنھّݨا
Tying ਬੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / بنھّݨا ਬੰਨ੍ਹਣਾ / بنھّݨا
Roasting ਭੁੰਨਣਾ / بھُنّݨا ਭੁੰਨਣਾ / بھُنّݨا
Slaughtering ਕੋਹਣਾ / کوہݨا ਕੋਹਣਾ / کوہݨا
To identify ਸਿਆਣਨਾ / سیاݨنا ਸਿਆਣਨਾ / سیاݨنا
Throwing ਸੱਟਣਾ / سٹّݨا ਸੱਟਣਾ / ਸੁੱਟਣਾ

سُٹّݨا / سٹّݨا

Losing ਹਰਨਾ / ہرنا ਹਰਨਾ / ہرنا
Entering ਬੜਨਾ / بڑنا ਵੜਨਾ / وڑنا
Crumbling ਭੋਰਨਾ / بھورنا ਭੋਰਨਾ / بھورنا
Covering ਕੱਜਣਾ / کجّݨا ਕੱਜਣਾ / کجّݨا
Dividing ਵੰਡਣਾ / ونڈݨا ਵੰਡਣਾ / ونڈݨا
Stuffing / Thrusting ਤੁੰਨਣਾ / تُنّݨا ਤੁੰਨਣਾ / تُنّݨا
To press ਮੰਡਣਾ / منڈݨا ਮੰਡਣਾ / منڈݨا
To vex ਖਪਾਣਾ / کھپاݨا ਖਪਾਉਣਾ / کھپاؤݨا
To spread ਖਿਲਾਰਨਾ / کھِلارنا ਖਿਲਾਰਨਾ / کھِلارنا
To be stolen ਖੁੱਸਣਾ / کھُسّݨا ਖੁੱਸਣਾ / کھُسّݨا
To blow ਫੂਕਣਾ / پھُوکݨا ਫੂਕਣਾ / پھُوکݨا
To dust off ਛੰਡਣਾ / چھنڈݨا ਛੰਡਣਾ / چھنڈݨا
To mix ਰਲਣਾ / رلݨا ਰਲਣਾ / رلݨا
To dry ਸੁੱਕਣਾ / سُکّݨا ਸੁੱਕਣਾ / سُکّݨا
Hanging ਲਮਕਣਾ / لمکݨا ਲਮਕਣਾ / لمکݨا
Boiling ਕਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / کاڑھنا ਕਾੜ੍ਹਨਾ / کاڑھنا
Spilling ਡੋਲ੍ਹਣਾ / ڈولھݨا ਡੋਲ੍ਹਣਾ / ڈولھݨا
Shining ਲਿਸ਼ਕਣਾ / لِشکݨا ਲਿਸ਼ਕਣਾ / لِشکݨا
Plastering / Coating ਲਿੰਬਣਾ / لِنبݨا ਲਿੰਬਣਾ / لِنبݨا
Maintain ਸਾਂਭਣਾ / سانبھݨا ਸਾਂਭਣਾ / سانبھݨا
To take along ਖੜਨਾ / کھڑنا ਖੜਨਾ / کھڑنا

Note:

  • Eastern Majhi and Malvai use Khichchna for pulling, while Western Majhi, Jhangochi, Shahpuri, Pothohari use Chhikkna.
  • Eastern dialects will use Bhann-Toṛ and Ṭuṭṭ-Bhajj, while Western dialects like Pothohari use Bhann-Troṛ and Truṭṭ-Bhajj.
  • Saṭṭna for throwing is used in Western dialects, and Chaana for picking. (As opposed to Suṭṭna / Chukkna), though Pothohari may use Chukkna as well.
  • Pothohari verbs do not seem to involve the -aavna or -aauna sound. This is similar to certain Majhi sub-dialects.
  • Labbhna is used for obtaining and receiving as in most dialects of Punjabi, however it is often not used in the active sense. For this Pothohari prefers Loṛna. (The passive form of this word "Loṛeenda" is commonly used in Standard Punjabi)
  • The Pothohari word for grabbing and holding is Nappṅa (common in Punjabi) and Lapaṛna (unique verb)

The passives remain the same throughout Punjabi dialects

[edit]
  • Bhannṅa (to break) and Bhajjṅa (to be broken)
  • Bhunnṅa (to roast) and Bhujjṅa (to be roasted)
  • Rinnhṅa (to cook) and Rijjhṅa (to be cooked)
  • Ḍolhṅa (to spill) and Dullhṅa (to be spilt)
  • Laahṅa (to take off) and Lehṅa (to descend/come off)
  • Laveṛna (to besmear) and Livaṛna (to be besmeared)

The irregular past tense remains the same throughout Punjabi dialects

[edit]

Differences in brackets.

  • Khaadhā
  • Peetā
  • Dittā
  • Keetā
  • Suttā
  • Moeā
  • Seāṅtā (Jhangochi/Shahpuri/Dhanni: Seātā, Majhi: Seāṅeā)
  • Latthā
  • Ḍhaṭṭhā
  • Baddhā
  • Nahātā
  • Dhotā
  • Khaltā (In other dialects: Khalotā) e.g: Miki saɽke apar khalteon addhā ghantā hoi gya sā
  • Baṅtā (In other dialects: Baṅeā) e.g: Chāʼ kadū̃ ni banti hoi ae
  • Guddhā

and Khā̃

[edit]

Used throughout Punjabi dialects (e.g: Majhi, Jhangochi, etc)

  • Gall suṅeṉ na (Please listen)
  • Gall suṅ khā̃ (Listen up!)

Word for sleep

English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
To sleep ਸੈਣਾ / سَیݨا ਸੌਂਣਾ / سَوݨا

ਸੰਵਣਾ / سن٘وݨا

ਸੌਣਾ / سَوݨا
Has slept ਸਈ ਰਿਹਾ  

سئی ریہا

ਸੈਂ ਪਿਆ / سَیں پیا

ਸੈਂ ਰਿਹਾ  / سَیں ریہا

ਸੌਂ ਗਿਆ / سَوں گیا
He is sleeping ਉਹ ਸੈਣਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَیݨا اے پیا

ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

ਉਹ ਸੌਂਦਾ ਐ ਪਿਆ

اوہ سَوندا اے پیا

Asleep ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا ਸੁੱਤਾ ਪਿਆ / سُتّا پیا
Having slept or

While asleep

ਸੁੱਤਿਓਂ / سُتّیوں ਸੁੱਤਿਆਂ / سُتّیاں ਸੁੱਤਿਆਂ / سُتّیاں
After sleeping ਸਈ ਤੇ / سئی تے ਸੈਂ ਕੇ / سَیں کے

(or ਤੇ / تے)

ਸੌਂ ਕੇ / سَوں کے
Go to sleep ਸਈ ਗੋ / سئی گو

ਸਈ ਜਾ / سئی جا

ਸਈ ਰੋਹ / سئی روہ

ਸੈਂ ਪੋ / سَیں پو

ਸੈਂ ਜਾ / سَیں جا

ਸੈਂ ਰੋਹ / سَیں روہ

ਸੌਂ ਜਾ

سَوں جا

He is to sleep ਉਹ ਸਏ / اوہ سئے ਉਹ ਸੌਂਵੇ / اوہ سَون٘وے ਉਹ ਸੌਂਵੇ / اوہ سَون٘وے
Putting to sleep ਸੰਵਾਲਣਾ

سن٘واولݨا

ਸੰਵਾਵਣਾ

سن٘واوݨا

ਸੰਵਾਉਣਾ

سن٘واؤݨا

Family relations

[edit]

The names of family relations are mostly the same throughout the Punjabi dialects.

English Punjabi / Pothohari
Gurmukhi Shahmukhi
Mother / Father ਮਾਂ ਪਿਓ ماں پیو
Son / Daughter ਧੀਆਂ ਪੁੱਤਰ دھِیاں پُتّر
Brother / Sister ਭੈਣਾਂ ਭਰਾ بھَیݨاں بھرا
Husband ਘਰ ਆਲਾ / ਜਣਾ / ਖਸਮ گھر آلا / جݨا / کھسم
Wife ਘਰ ਆਲੀ / ਜ਼ਨਾਨੀ گھر آلی / زنانی
Grandchildren (from son) ਪੋਤਰੇ ਪੋਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ پوترے پوترِیاں
Grandchildren (from daughter) ਦੋਤਰੇ ਦੋਤ੍ਰੀਆਂ دوترے دوترِیاں
Son-in-law ਜਵਾਈ جوائی
Daughter-in-law ਨੋਂਹ نونہہ
Mother-in-law ਸੱਸ سسّ
Father-in-law ਸਹੁਰੇ سوہرے
Husband's sister ਨਨਾਣ نناݨ
Sister's husband ਭਣਵਈਆ بھݨوئیا
Brother's wife ਭਰਜਾਈ بھرجائی
Father's brother / Father's sister ਚਾਚਾ / ਫੁੱਫੀ چاچا / پُپھّی
Father's brother's wife ਚਾਚੀ چاچی
Father's sister's husband ਫੁੱਫੜ پُھپھّڑ
Mother's brother / Mother's sister ਮਾਮਾ / ਮਾਸੀ ماما / ماسی
Mother's brother's wife ਮਾਮੀ مامی
Mother's sister's husband ਮਾਸੜ ماسڑ
Cousin from father's brother ਚਚੇਰ / ਦਾਦ-ਪੋਤ੍ਰਾ چچیر / داد پوترا
Cousin from father's sister ਫੁਫੇਰ پھُپھیر
Cousin from mother's brother ਮਲਵੇਰ ملویر
Cousin from mother's sister ਮਸੇਰ مسیر

Some words unique to Pothohari include:

  • Daad-Potraa to refer to a cousin (Son of father's brother, Potraa is a common Punjabi word)
  • Be for mother (Eastern Punjabi does use Be-Be for mother)
  • Bhaapaa for brother (Sometimes used in Eastern-Majhi)

Body part names

[edit]

Names of body parts are the same throughout Punjabi dialects with minimal differences if any.

English Pothohari Jhangochi / Shahpuri Majhi
Eyes ਅੱਖੀਆਂ / اکھِّیاں ਅੱਖੀਆਂ / ਅੱਖੀਂ / اکھِّیاں / اکھِیں ਅੱਖਾਂ / اکھّاں
Head ਸਿਰ / سِر ਸਿਰ / سِر ਸਿਰ /سِر
Forehead ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا ਮੱਥਾ / متھّا
Eyelashes ਪਿੱਮਣੀਆਂ / پِمݨِیاں ਪਿੱਪਣੀਆਂ / پِپّݨیاں ਪਲਕਾਂ / پلکاں
Eyebrows ਭਰਵੱਟੇ / بھروٹّے ਭਰਬਿੱਟੇ / بھربِٹّے ਭਰਵੱਟੇ / بھروٹّے
Eyelids ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر ਛੱਪਰ / چھپّر
Eyeballs ਆਨੇ / آنّے ਆਨੇ / آنّے ਆਨੇ / آنّے
Ears ਕੰਨ / کنّ ਕੰਨ / کنّ ਕੰਨ / کنّ
Arms ਬਾਹਾਂ / باہاں ਬਾਹੀਂ / باہِیں ਬਾਹਵਾਂ / باہواں
Throat ਸੰਘ / سنگھ ਸਘ / سگّھ ਸੰਘ / سنگھ
Neck ਧੌਣ / دھَوݨ ਧੌਣ / دھَوݨ ਧੌਣ / دھَوݨ
Shoulders ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے ਮੋਢੇ / موڈھے
Elbow ਅਰਕ / ارک ਅਰਕ / ارک ਅਰਕ / ارک
Nails ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ ਨਹੁੰ / نَونہہ
Hands ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ ਹੱਥ / ہتھّ
Fingers ਅੰਗਲਾਂ / انگلاں ਅੰਗਲਾਂ / انگلاں ਉਂਗਲਾਂ / اُنگلاں
Belly ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ ਢਿੱਡ / ڈھِڈّ
Waist ਲੱਕ / لکّ ਲੱਕ / لکّ ਲੱਕ / لکّ
Legs ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں ਲੱਤਾਂ / لتّاں
Knees ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے ਗੋਡੇ / گوڈے
Ankles ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے ਗਿੱਟੇ / گِٹّے
Feet ਪੈਰ / پَیر ਪੈਰ / پَیر ਪੈਰ / پَیر
Palm ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی ਤੱਲੀ / تلّی
Teeth ਦੰਦ / دند ਦੰਦ / دند ਦੰਦ / دند
Molars ਹਣਿਓਂ / ہݨیوں ਹਣਿਓਂ / ہݨیوں ਜਾੜ੍ਹਾਂ / جاڑھاں
Tongue ਜੀਭ / جِیبھ ਜਿੱਭ / جِبھّ ਜੀਭ / جِیبھ
Nose ਨੱਕ / نکّ ਨੱਕ / نکّ ਨੱਕ / نکّ
Nostrils ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں ਨਾਸਾਂ / ناساں
Face ਮੂੰਹ ਮੂੰਹ ਮੂੰਹ
Back ਕੰਡ / کنڈ ਕੰਡ / کنڈ ਕੰਡ / کنڈ
Hips ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں ਢਾਕਾਂ / ڈھاکاں
Hip bone ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکݨا ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکݨا ਚੂਕਣਾ / چُوکݨا

Words for "Coming" and "Going"

[edit]

The Pahari-Pothwari word for "coming" is acchṇā, whereas for "going" gacchṇā, julṇā and jāṇā are used.[55]

English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Standard Punjabi
Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi Shahmukhi Gurmukhi
I am coming میں اچھنا پیا ہاں ਮੈਂ ਅੱਛਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ میں آوندا پیا ہاں ਮੈਂ ਆਵੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ میں آوندا پیا ہاں ਮੈਂ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
I am going میں گچھنا پیا ہاں

میں جُلنا پیا ہاں

ਮੈਂ ਗੱਛਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ  

ਮੈਂ ਜੁਲਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ  

میں ویندا پیا ہاں

میں جاوندا پیا ہاں

ਮੈਂ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਜਾਵੰਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ

میں جاندا پیا ہاں ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਹਾਂ
I am not understanding میکی سمجھ نِیہ اچھنی پئی ਮਿਕੀ ਸਮਝ ਨ੍ਹੀ ਅੱਛਨੀ ਪਈ مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਵੰਦੀ ਪਈ مینُوں سمجھ نہیں آوندی پئی ਮੈਨੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਪਈ
I will leave tomorrow میں کلّ گیساں

میں کلّ جُلساں

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਗੇਸਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ

میں کلّھ ویساں

میں کلّھ جاساں

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਵੇਸਾਂ

ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਸਾਂ

میں کلّھ جاواں گا ਮੈਂ ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ
We are going for work اساں کمّے اپّر جُلے ہاں ਅਸਾਂ ਕੰਮੇ ਅੱਪਰ ਜੁਲੇ ਹਾਂ اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਹਾਂ اسِیں کمّ تے چلے ہاں ਅਸੀਂ ਕੰਮ ਤੇ ਚਲੇ ਹਾਂ
It happens ہوئی گچھنا اے

ہوئی جُلنا اے

ہوئی جانا اے

ਹੋਈ ਗੱਛਨਾ ਏ

ਹੋਈ ਜੁਲਨਾ ਏ

ਹੋਈ ਜਾਨਾ ਏ

ہو ویندا ہے

ہو جاوندا ہے

ਹੋ ਵੇਂਦਾ ਹੈ

ਹੋ ਜਾਵੰਦਾ ਹੈ

ہو جاندا ہے ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ
Sit down بہی جُل

بہی گچھ

بہی جا

ਬਹੀ ਜੁਲ

ਬਹੀ ਗੱਛ

ਬਹੀ ਜਾ

بہہ ونج

بہہ جا

ਬਹਿ ਵੰਞ

ਬਹਿ ਜਾ

بہہ جا ਬਹਿ ਜਾ
I will take him along اُسکی وی نال گھِنی گیساں

اُسکی وی نال گھِنی جُلساں

ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੈਸਾਂ

ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਜੁਲਸਾਂ

اوہنُوں وی نال لے ویساں/جاساں

اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن ویساں

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸਾਂ/ਜਾਸਾਂ

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸਾਂ

اوہنُوں وی نال لَے جاواں گا ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਵਾਂਗਾ

The imperative for gacchṇā is both gacch and gau.

Causative verbs

[edit]

Pahari-Pothwari causative verbs end with -ālnā.[57] This feature also exists in the Eastern Majhi dialect. (e.g: Vikhālṇā)

English Pahari-Pothwari Standard Punjabi Jatki
To cause to eat کھوالݨا کھواوݨا کھواوݨا
To cause to drink پیالݨا پیاوݨا پِواوݨا
To cause to bathe نہوالݨا نہواوݨا نہواوݨا
To cause to wash دھوالݨا دھواوݨا دھواوݨا
To cause to cry رووالنا رواوݨا رواوݨا
To cause to sleep سوالݨا سواوݨا سواوݨا
To cause to sit بہالݨا بہاوݨا بہاوݨا
To cause to stand اُٹھالݨا اُٹھاوݨا اُٹھاوݨا

*Notes

Not all causative verbs are formed like this, e.g. to play -kheṛṇā to khaṛāṇa,

Words used for "Taking" and "Bringing"

[edit]

Commonly observed in the Lahnda dialects is the use of Ghinṇā (گھِننا)[58][59] and Aaṇnā (آننا)[60][61] instead of the Eastern Punjabi words Laiṇā (لَینا) and Lyāṇā (لیانا).

Notice how Ghin āo becomes Ghini achho, and Ghin ghidā becomes Ghini ghidā in accordance with Pothwari grammar and vocabulary.

English Jatki Pahari-Pothwari Hindko Saraiki
Shahpuri/Jhangochi Dhanni
From tomorrow onwards, I'll also bring it for you, just cope for today. کلّ توں میں تُہانُوں وی لیا دِتّا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر لوو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਲਿਆ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਲਵੋ

کلّ توں میں تُسانُوں وی آݨ دِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

کلّ سوں میں تُساں کی وی آݨی دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کری گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਸੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਕੀ ਵੀ ਆਣੀ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰੀ ਘਿਨੋ

کلّ توں میں تُساں آں وی آݨ دیا کرساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਸਾਂ ਆਂ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਦਿਆ ਕਰਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

کلّ توں میں تُہاکُوں وی آݨ ڈِتّا کریساں، اجّ گُزارہ کر گھِنو

ਕੱਲ੍ਹ ਤੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਤੁਹਾਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਆਣ ਡਿੱਤਾ ਕਰੇਸਾਂ, ਅੱਜ ਗੁਜ਼ਾਰਾ ਕਰ ਘਿਨੋ

Bring him along as well. اوہنُوں وی نال لَے آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਆਵੋ

اوہنُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਓਹਨੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ

اُسکی وی نال گھِنی اچھو

ਉਸਕੀ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਅਛੋ

اُساں وی نال گھِن آؤ

ਉਸਾਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਓ

اُوکُوں وی نال گھِن آوو

ਊਕੂੰ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਆਵੋ

They took it from me as well اُنھاں میرے کولُوں وی لَے لیا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਲੈ ਲਿਆ

اُنھاں مینڈھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਢੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

اُنھاں مھاڑے کولُوں وی گھِنی گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮਹਾੜੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨੀ ਘਿਦਾ

اُنھان مڑھے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੜ੍ਹੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

اُنھاں میڈے کولُوں وی گھِن گھِدا

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਮੈਂਡੇ ਕੋਲੂੰ ਵੀ ਘਿਨ ਘਿਦਾ

He is coming اوہ لیاندا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

اوہ اݨیدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

اوہ آݨنا پیا اے

ਓਹ ਆਣਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

اوہ آݨدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਆਣਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

اوہ اݨیدا پیا ہے

ਓਹ ਅਣੇਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਐ

We will also have to bring them back اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی لیاوَݨا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਲਿਆਵਣਾ ਹੋਸੀ

اُنھاں نُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

اُنھاں کی واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੀ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

اُنھاں آں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

اُنھاں کُوں واپس وی آݨنا ہوسی

ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਕੂੰ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਵੀ ਆਣਨਾ ਹੋਸੀ

Eat it کھا لَے

ਖਾ ਲੈ

کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

کھائی گھِن

ਖਾਈ ਘਿਨ

کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

کھا گھِن

ਖਾ ਘਿਨ

Bring it

Brought it

چا لیاؤ

چا لیاندا

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਓ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ  

چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

چائی آݨو

چائی آندا

ਚਾਈ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾਈ ਆਂਦਾ

چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

چا آݨو

چا آندا

ਚਾ ਆਣੋ

ਚਾ ਆਂਦਾ

Take it

Took it

چا لوو

چا لیا

ਚਾ ਲਵੋ

ਚਾ ਲਿਆ

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

چائی گھِنو

چائی گھِدا

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾਈ ਘਿਦਾ

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

چا گھِنو

چا گھِدا

ਚਾ ਘਿਨੋ

ਚਾ ਘਿਦਾ

He will take him along اوہ ایہنُوں نال لَے ویسی

اوہ ایہنُوں لے جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਵੇਸੀ/ਜਾਸੀ

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਲੈ ਜਾਸੀ

اوہ ایہنُوں نال گھِن ویسی

ਉਹ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੈਸੀ

اوہ اِسکی نال گھِنی گیسی/ جُلسی/ جاسی

ਉਹ ਇਸਕੀ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨੀ ਗੇਸੀ / ਜੁਲਸੀ / ਜਾਸੀ

اوہ اِساں نال گھِن جُلسی

ਉਹ ਇਸਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਜੁਲਸੀ

اوہ اِیکُوں نال گھِن ویسی

ਉਹ ਈਕੂੰ ਨਾਲ ਘਿਨ ਵੇਸੀ

Interrogative words

[edit]
English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Standard
Why کِیاں

ਕੀਆਂ

کیوں

ਕਿਓਂ

کیوں

ਕਿਓਂ

Where کتھے

ਕੁੱਥੇ

کِتھّے

ਕਿੱਥੇ

کِتھّے

ਕਿੱਥੇ

Whither کُدھّر

ਕੁੱਧਰ

کِدّے

ਕਿੱਦੇ

کِدّھر

ਕਿੱਧਰ

Who کُݨ

ਕੁਣ

کَوݨ

ਕੌਣ

کَوݨ

ਕੌਣ

What? کے؟

ਕੇ

کیہہ / کی

ਕੇਹ / ਕੀ

کی / کِیہہ

ਕੀ / ਕੀਹ

Pahari-Pothwari vocabulary similarities with other Western Punjabi dialects

[edit]
English Pahari-Pothwari Jatki Hindko Saraiki
Very / Much بُہو بہُوں بہُوں بہُوں
Go to sleep سئی گو سَیں ونج سَیں جُل سم ونج
Alright / Okay ہلا ہلا ہلا ہلا
Boy جاکت / جاتک جاتک / چھوہر جندک چھُوہر
What is his name? کے ناں اُسنا؟ کیہ/کے ناں اُس؟ کے ناں اُس؟ کیا ناں اُس؟
Take گھِنو لَوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

گھِنو (دھنی)

گھِنو گھِنو
Bring آݨو لیاوو (جھنگوچی/شاہپُوری)

آنو (دھنی)

آنو آنو
He speaks like us اوہ اساں آر بولنا اے اوہ ساڈے آر بولیندا اے اوہ اساں آر بولدا اے اوہ ساڈے آر الیندا اے
Let's go آ جُلِیَے آ چلِیئے/جُلِیے آ جُلاں آ جُلُوں
Lift/Raise چاؤ چاوو چاؤ چاوو
Life حیاتی حیاتی حیاتی حیاتی

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017) to be about 1 million as of 2000.
  2. ^ There is no consensus among linguists or Pahari-Pothwari speakers in terms of its status as a dialect of Punjabi or a separate language entirely. For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
  3. ^ According to Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 2). Abbasi (2010, p. 104) adds as a fourth dialect the Poonchi spoken from Poonch to the Neelam Valley. Yet another classification is reportedly presented in Karnai (2007).
  4. ^ For example, according to the 1981 census report for Rawalpindi District, 85.1% of households had Punjabi as mother tongue. In any census, only a small number of major languages have been counted separately, and there has not been a separate option available for either Pahari or Pothwari.
  5. ^ One language activist from the diaspora in Britain "[has] said that he does not give the language a single name because those who speak the language call it many different things." (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  6. ^ Some, at least in the British diaspora, consider this term to be a misnomer if applied to the language. (Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 3).
  7. ^ The similarity between wordlists containing 217 items of basic vocabulary from each location. (Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 15–16)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Pahari". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Hussain, Qandeel (2020-12-31). "Punjabi (India and Pakistan) – Language Snapshot". Language Documentation and Description. 19: 144. doi:10.25894/ldd71.
  3. ^ Masica 1991, p. 440.
  4. ^ a b Shackle 1983, p. 183.
  5. ^ Shackle 1979, p. 201: Pothohari "is often so close to Panjabi that any attempt to maintain the Lahndi scheme ought probably to reckon it as 'Lahndi merging into Panjabi'."
  6. ^ Rahman, Tariq (1995-01-01). "The Siraiki Movement in Pakistan". Language Problems and Language Planning. 19 (1): 16. doi:10.1075/lplp.19.1.01rah. ISSN 0272-2690.
  7. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 2.
  8. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 86. Speakers from Muzaffarabad "consider the Mirpur dialect different enough that it is difficult to understand."
  9. ^ The alternative English spellings are from Ethnologue (2017).
  10. ^ a b c Abbasi & Asif 2010, p. 201.
  11. ^ a b Grierson 1919, p. 432.
  12. ^ John, Asher (2009). "Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers". CardinalScholar 1.0.
  13. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 19, 112.
  14. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, pp. 12, 26. At least in terms of lexical similarity..
  15. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2–3, 5, 19, 100.
  16. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 44.
  17. ^ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
  18. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2012, p. 1.
  19. ^ Hussain 2015, pp. 483–84.
  20. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 23.
  21. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5.
  22. ^ a b Abbasi 2010, p. 104.
  23. ^ Hindko according to Lothers & Lothers (2010, pp. 5, 39) and Dhundi according to Grierson (1919, p. 495). Pahari is reported in both sources.
  24. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 40, 126–27. The speakers of Pahari in Abbottabad District regard the Hindko of the city of Abbottabad as a different language.
  25. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 40.
  26. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 2, 5, 8.
  27. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505.
  28. ^ Grierson 1919, p. 505 and corresponding map.
  29. ^ Abbasi 2010, p. 104; Abbasi & Asif 2010, pp. 201–202
  30. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, sec. 3.1. The varieties surveyed here are from Bagh and Muzaffarabad.
  31. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24. The wordlists that form the basis of this comparison are from the variety of Neela Butt.
  32. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 24–25.
  33. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 26, 80.
  34. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, pp. 108, 110.
  35. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 24.
  36. ^ Lothers & Lothers 2010, p. 26; Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 68. The conclusion is similarly based on lexical similarity and the comparison is with the Hindko of the Kaghan Valley on one hand and with the Pahari of the Murre Hills on the other.
  37. ^ A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017)
  38. ^ Singh 2014, p. 18; Bhat 2014, ch. 1, pp. 38, 40
  39. ^ Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014, ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) and Kour (2014).
  40. ^ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  41. ^ Kaul 2006, pp. 42, 256–8.
  42. ^ Hussain 2015.
  43. ^ Nazir, Farah. "What is the name of my language?". University of Oxford: Creative Multilingualism. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  44. ^ a b "Language, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  45. ^ a b c Kogan, Anton I. (2011). Potxoxari Jazyk. Tatiana I. Oranskaya and Yulia V. Mazurova and Andrej A. Kibrik and Leonid I. Kulikov and Aleksandr Y. Rusakov (eds.), Jazyki Mira: Novye Indoarijskie Jazyki: Moskva: Academia. pp. 516–527.
  46. ^ Khan, Abdul Qadir (2013). A Preliminary Study of Pahari Language and its Sound System. pp. 1–20.
  47. ^ "Lahnda Structure". lisindia.ciil.org. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  48. ^ "Grammar and Dictionary of Western Punjabi". archive.org. p. 50. The future tense is formed by adding to the root the letter -s with the general personal endings
  49. ^ "Uth jaag ghurarry mar nhen – Bulleh Shah". Folk Punjab. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  50. ^ "اُٹھ جاگ گُھراڑے مار نہیں – بلھے شاہ". Folk Punjab (in Punjabi). Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  51. ^ J. Wilson (1898). Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 54. me venda pyā̃, me kamm pya karendā̃.
  52. ^ Bailey, Thomas Grahame (2013). Languages of the Northern Himalayas: Being Studies In The Grammar Of Twenty-Six Himalayan Dialects. Cambridge University Press.
  53. ^ J. Wilson. Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 1"the genitive postposition (of) is nā instead of dā...These characteristics are also found in the dialects spoken In the western tehsils of the Rawalpindi District as far north as Attack, and probably in the intervening tahsils of the Jehlam District"{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  54. ^ J. Wilson. Western Punjabi ( Shahpur District). p. 9. In the dialect of the Salt Range many nouns, and especialy monosyllables ending in a consonant, to form the absolute singular, add to the absolute form an e if masculine, and an i or u if feminine.
  55. ^ a b شیراز طاہر (2016). شیراز اُللغات.
  56. ^ Oct 24; Books, 2018 |. "Shiraz ul Lughat | Gandhara Hindko Board". Retrieved 2024-11-28. {{cite web}}: |first2= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  57. ^ "Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-26. کھوالن مصدر کھواون.
  58. ^ Singh, Maya (1895). "The Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-21. GHINNAṈÁ ਘਿੱਨਣਾ v. a. To take
  59. ^ Grammar and dictionary of Western Panjabi, as spoken in the Shahpur district with proverbs, sayings and verses. Punjab Government Press, Lahore. 1899. p. 1. Ghinn for Le (Take).
  60. ^ A. Jukes (1900). Dictionary of the Jatki or Western Panjábi Language. p. 22. آننْڑ / Anan, v. t. To bring.
  61. ^ "Salah-ud-Din Panjabi dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-21.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Karnai, Mian Karim Ullah (2007). Pahari aor Urdu: ik taqabali jaiza (in Urdu). Islamabad: National Language Authority.
  • Nazir, Farah (2014). Light Verb Constructions in Potwari (PhD). University of Manchester.
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