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New Zealand Parliament

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Not to be confused with New Zealand House of Representatives or New Zealand Parliament Buildings.

New Zealand Parliament

Pāremata Aotearoa
54th Parliament
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
Unicameral (since 1951); bicameral (1854–1950)
Houses
SovereignMonarch of New Zealand
History
Founded24 May 1854 (1854-05-24) (first sitting)[1]
Preceded byGeneral Legislative Council
Leadership
Charles III
since 8 September 2022
Dame Cindy Kiro
since 21 October 2021
Gerry Brownlee, National Party
since 5 December 2023
Barbara Kuriger, National Party
since 6 December 2023
Christopher Luxon, National Party
since 27 November 2023
Chris Bishop, National Party
since 27 November 2023
Chris Hipkins, Labour
since 27 November 2023
Kieran McAnulty, Labour
since 30 November 2023
Structure
Seats123
House political groups
Government (68)
  •   National (49)
  •   ACT (11)
  •   NZ First (8)

Official Opposition (34)

Crossbench (21)

Length of term
Up to three years
Elections
Mixed-member proportional representation
Last House election
14 October 2023
Next House election
On or before 19 December 2026
Meeting place
Parliament House, Wellington
Website
www.parliament.nz
Politics of New Zealand
Constitution
The Crown
Executive Government
Legislature
54th New Zealand Parliament
Elections
Judiciary
Local government
Foreign relations
Ideologies
History
Related topics
flag New Zealand portal

The New Zealand Parliament (Māori: Pāremata Aotearoa) is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the monarch (represented by the governor-general) and the New Zealand House of Representatives.[2] It was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning legislatures in the world.[3] It was bicameral until the abolition of the New Zealand Legislative Council at the end of 1950. Parliament's seat, the capital of New Zealand, has been Wellington since 1865. It has met in its current building, Parliament House, since 1922.

The House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), though sometimes more due to overhang seats. There are 72 MPs elected directly in electorates while the remainder of seats are assigned to list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote.[3] Although elections can be called early, every three years Parliament is dissolved and goes up for reelection.

Parliament is supreme over all other government institutions. The legislature is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime minister (head of government) and other ministers; in accordance with the principle of responsible government, they are always selected from and accountable to the House of Representatives.

Neither the monarch (currently King Charles III) nor his governor-general participates in the legislative process, save for signifying the King's approval to a bill passed by the House, known as the granting of the royal assent,[2] which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. The governor-general formally summons and dissolves Parliament—the latter in order to call a general election.

Terminology

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In New Zealand the term 'parliament' is used in several different senses. Strictly, it refers to the legislature, consisting of the monarch (represented by the governor-general) and the House of Representatives, the topic of this article. Secondly, it is often used to refer to just the House of Representatives.[2] Thirdly, it can mean each assembly of MPs voted into office by a general election; in this sense, the 1st Parliament sat from 24 May 1854 to 15 September 1855,[1] and the current Parliament, which started on 5 December 2023, is the 54th.[4] Lastly, 'Parliament' may refer to a physical place: most specifically the debating chamber where MPs normally meet, also the whole Parliament House (in which the chamber is situated), and more generally this and the several other Parliament Buildings.[5]

History

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Background

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See also: History of parliamentarism § Britain and the Commonwealth

The New Zealand Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary representation, developed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This system can be traced back to the "Model Parliament" of 1295.[6] Over the centuries, parliaments progressively limited the powers of the monarchy, resulting in what came to be known as constitutional monarchy. The Bill of Rights 1688 (which remains in force as received law in New Zealand)[7] established a system where parliaments would be regularly elected. Among its provisions, it set out parliament's role in taxation and supply. The Bill of Rights also confirmed the absolute privilege for freedom of speech in parliament.[6]

The British Government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840. This established the Colony of New Zealand as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 3 May 1841.[8] The charter created a Legislative Council,[8] which consisted of the governor of New Zealand, the colonial secretary and colonial treasurer (who comprised the Executive Council), and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor.[9] It had the power to issue ordinances (statutory instruments).[10] However, Crown colonies were not self-governing.[9] Many British settlers did not like the Legislative Council,[9] and from the 1840s they wanted self-government.[11]

The British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846, which was intended to establish a General Assembly for the colony, consisting of a Governor-in-Chief, a House of Representatives and a Legislative Council. However, the new governor, George Grey, argued that the settlers could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority. Consequently the British Parliament passed the Government of New Zealand Act 1848, which suspended the establishment of the General Assembly for another five years.[12]

Establishment

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The New Zealand parliament was created by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, an act of the British Parliament.[13] The act established the General Assembly, later commonly known as Parliament,[14][15] a bicameral legislature consisting of the governor of New Zealand, the House of Representatives (the lower house), and the Legislative Council (the upper house).[16] The Council was formed by reconstituting the older Legislative Council. The members of the House were elected under the first-past-the-post (FPP) voting system, while those of the Council were appointed by the governor. The first members were sworn in on 24 May 1854 in Auckland.[1]

General Assembly House in Auckland, 1861

The Constitution Act also conferred legislative power on New Zealand's provinces (originally six in number), each of which had its own elected provincial council.[13] The councils were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects. New Zealand was never a federation comparable to Canada or Australia; Parliament could legislate concurrently with the provinces on any matter, and in the event of a conflict, the law passed by Parliament would prevail.[17] Over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.[18]

Legislative Council abolished

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Initially, members of the Legislative Council were appointed for life, but from the 1890s they were appointed for renewable seven-year terms.[19] This change, coupled with responsible government (whereby the premier advised the governor on Council appointments) and party politics, meant that by the 20th century, the government usually controlled the Council as well as the House, and the passage of bills through the upper house became a mere formality.[20] The Legislative Council Abolition Act 1950 brought the Council to an end, effective on 1 January 1951, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral.[21] At the end the Council had fifty-four members, including its speaker.[22] It sat for the last time on 1 December 1950.[19]

Modern independent legislature

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See also: Independence of New Zealand

The New Zealand Parliament was originally subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire, although, in practice, Britain's role was minimal from the 1890s.[20] The New Zealand Parliament received progressively more control over New Zealand affairs through the passage of Imperial (British) laws such as the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, constitutional amendments, and an increasingly hands-off approach by the British government. In 1947, the New Zealand Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, and the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947, giving the New Zealand Parliament legislative sovereignty – unrestricted power to make New Zealand's laws[23] – and the ability to regulate its own composition. In 1973 a further amendment, the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1973, expanded the territorial jurisdiction of New Zealand's parliament.[24]

The Constitution Act 1986 finally removed the power of the British Parliament to pass laws affecting New Zealand (which was by then only with New Zealand's consent), restating the few remaining provisions of the 1852 Act, consolidating the legislation establishing Parliament.[25] It also officially replaced the name "General Assembly" with "Parliament", which was already the term popularly used.[15]

Proposals for a senate

[edit]

In September 1950, the National government of Sidney Holland set up a constitutional reform committee chaired by Ronald Algie to consider an alternative second chamber. A report produced by the committee in 1952 proposed a nominated senate, with 32 members, appointed by leaders of the parties in the House of Representatives according to the parties' strength in that House. Senators would serve for three-year terms, and be eligible for reappointment.[26] The senate would have the power to revise, initiate or delay legislation, to hear petitions, and to scrutinise regulations and Orders in Council, but the proposal was rejected by the prime minister and by the Labour opposition, which had refused to nominate members to the committee.[27]

After the 1990 election, the National government of Jim Bolger proposed the establishment of an elected senate, thereby reinstating a bicameral system, and a Senate Bill was drafted. Under the bill, the senate would have 30 members, elected by STV from six senatorial districts, four in the North Island and two in the South Island. Like the former Legislative Council it would not have powers to amend or delay money bills.[28] The intention was to include a question about a senate in the second referendum on electoral reform. Voters would be asked whether or not they wanted a senate, in the event that a new voting system was rejected.[29] However, following objections from the Labour opposition, which derided it as a red herring,[30] and other supporters of the mixed-member proportional representation system,[31] the senate question was removed by the Select Committee on Electoral Reform.[28]

In 2010, the New Zealand Policy Unit of the Centre for Independent Studies proposed a senate in the context of the 2011 referendum on MMP. They proposed a proportionally-elected upper house made up 31 seats elected using a proportional list vote by region, with the House of Representatives elected by FPP and consisting of 79 seats.[32]

Composition

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The New Zealand parliament, when created in 1852, consisted of the governor of New Zealand, the Legislative Council, and the House of Representatives. The Legislative Council was abolished at the end of 1950. The New Zealand Parliament now statutorily consists of the monarch of New Zealand, who is represented by the governor-general of New Zealand, and the House of Representatives.

Monarch and viceregal representative

[edit]
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the Opening of Parliament in 1963

The monarch of New Zealand – currently King Charles III, represented in New Zealand by the governor-general, currently Dame Cindy Kiro – is one of the components of Parliament. This results from the role of the monarch to sign into law (i.e. give royal assent to) the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives.[2] MPs must make an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the monarch before they may take their seat,[33] and the official opposition is traditionally dubbed His Majesty's Loyal Opposition.[34]

House of Representatives

[edit]
Main article: New Zealand House of Representatives
House of Representatives crest, surmounted by a St Edward's Crown

The House of Representatives was established as a lower house. Since 1951 it has been the Parliament's sole house.[3] Parliamentary elections have been using the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, a hybrid of first-past-the-post and closed party-list proportional representation, since 1996. The House consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), elected to a three-year term. There are 71 MPs representing single-member electorates of roughly the same population,[35] while the remainder are list MPs.[36] These MPs assemble to represent the people, pass laws and supervise the work of government.[37][38] Members also form select committees of the House, appointed to deal with particular areas or issues.[39]

Ministers in the New Zealand Government are drawn from amongst the members of the House of Representatives (with the possible exception of brief periods following an election).[40] The government of the day, and by extension the prime minister, must achieve and maintain the support of the House in order to gain and remain in power.[3] The Government is dependent on Parliament to implement its legislative agenda, and has always required the House's approval to spend money.[37]

Legislative Council

[edit]
Main article: New Zealand Legislative Council

The Legislative Council was part of the parliament until it was abolished at the end of 1950. The original Legislative Council was created by the 1840 Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand.[8] With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, it was reconstituted as the upper house of the General Assembly. The Council was intended to scrutinise and amend bills passed by the House of Representatives, although it could not initiate legislation or amend money bills. Despite occasional proposals for an elected Council, members of the Legislative Council (MLCs) were appointed by the governor, generally on the recommendation of the prime minister.[20] It was eventually decided that the Council was having no significant impact on New Zealand's legislative process; its final sitting was on 1 December 1950.[41]

The Parliament has not had an upper house since the Council was abolished, though there have been occasional suggestions to create one.[39] The Legislative Council Chamber continues to be used during the Opening of Parliament.[22] This is in keeping with the British tradition in which the monarch is barred from entering the lower house.[42][6]

Parliamentary sovereignty

[edit]

The New Zealand Parliament has legislative supremacy[6] or parliamentary sovereignty. It is able to legislate on any matter, and it can legislate without any formal restriction.[43] It is not constrained by any supreme law, as codified constitutions are in some countries, as New Zealand has no such law; laws of a constitutional nature, such as the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, are not supreme laws.[44] It is also not constrained by any federal division of powers.[44] Acts of Parliament are not justiciable – they cannot be challenged by the judiciary[45]: 561  or struck down, neither because they are unconstitutional, nor because they are contrary to a federal division of powers.[44]

The House has entrenched certain issues relating to elections. These include the length of a parliamentary term, deciding on who can vote, how they vote (via secret ballot), how the country should be divided into electorates, and the make-up of the Representation Commission, which decides on these electorates.[46] These issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue.[47] As the entrenchment mechanism is not entrenched itself, it could be repealed by a simple majority, thus allowing the entrenched provisions of the Electoral Act to also be repealed by a simple majority.[48][49]

The House of Representatives has the exclusive power to regulate its own procedures.

Term of Parliament

[edit]
Further information: Elections in New Zealand § Timing of elections
Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the Opening of Parliament, 13 November 1986

A term of the New Zealand Parliament may not last more than three years. The Constitution Act 1986 outlines that the governor-general is responsible for dissolving Parliament,[note 1][25] which is done by royal proclamation.[50] Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, after which the writ for a general election is issued.[51] Upon completion of the election, the governor-general, on the advice of the prime minister, then issues a proclamation summoning Parliament to assemble.[50] On the date given, new MPs are sworn in and then called, along with returning MPs, to the old Legislative Council chamber, where they are instructed to elect their speaker and return to the House of Representatives to do so before adjourning.[42]

A new parliamentary session is marked by the Opening of Parliament, during which the governor-general reads the Speech from the Throne, on the monarch's behalf. This speech is given at the start of every new Parliament, and explains why Parliament has been assembled. It outlines the Government's legislative agenda.[42] On occasion, the monarch may open Parliament and personally deliver the speech; for example, Queen Elizabeth II personally attended the Opening of Parliament in 1954 (to mark the legislature's centenary),[1][52] and more recently in 1986 and 1990.[53][54]

MPs receive the royal summons to these events from the usher of the Black Rod, after the usher knocks on the doors of the House of Representatives chamber that have been slammed shut, to illustrate the MPs' right to deny entry to anyone, including the monarch.[55][42]

Passage of legislation

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An act of Parliament. The short title is Haka Ka Mate Attribution Act 2014.

Before any law is passed, it is first introduced in Parliament as a draft known as a bill.[56] The majority of bills are promulgated by the government of the day. It is rare for government bills to be defeated (the first to be defeated in the 20th century was in 1998).[56] It is also possible for individual MPs to promote their own bills, called members' bills; these are usually put forward by opposition parties, or by MPs who wish to deal with a matter that parties do not take positions on. All bills must go through three readings in the House of Representatives before receiving the royal assent to become an act of Parliament (see lists of acts of the New Zealand Parliament).[56]

House and committees

[edit]
Further information: New Zealand House of Representatives § Passage of legislation

Each bill goes through several stages before it becomes a law. The first stage is the first reading, where MPs debate the bill in principle. It is normally sent to a select committee where the public has the opportunity to make submissions on the bill and the committee can recommend amendments to the bill. The select committee stage is followed by the second reading, where MPs again debate the bill in principle and the select committee recommendations. This is followed by the committee of the whole house, where MPs debate individual clauses or parts and make amendments. In the third reading, MPs debate the final form of the bill. If a majority of MPs vote in favour of the bill at its third reading, the bill is passed. If a majority of MPs vote against the bill at any reading, the bill is rejected and goes no further through the process.[3]

Royal assent

[edit]
Governor-General Dame Patsy Reddy giving royal assent to a bill for the first time. Government House, Wellington, 28 September 2016

If a bill passes its third reading, the clerk of the House of Representatives delivers it to the governor-general, who, assuming that constitutional convention is followed, will grant royal assent as a matter of course. The governor-general retains the power to refuse royal assent, which they might do for a bill that would remove elections or abolish courts,[57] or one that would amend an entrenched clause, but the bill had passed the House with the vote of less than 75% of its members.[58] Such bills would be unlikely to pass, and the country would already be in a constitutional crisis if one did.[57]

As a practical reality, because the royal assent to a bill must follow quickly after its passage by the House of Representatives, if there is any substantial issue about the constitutional validity of a bill, the issue must be considered by the attorney-general before the bill is introduced into the House.[59][note 2]

List of parliaments

[edit]
Further information: List of parliaments of New Zealand

Parliament is currently in its 54th term.

Term Elected in Government
Pre-party era
1st Parliament 1853 election Non-partisan
2nd Parliament 1855 election
3rd Parliament 1860 election
4th Parliament 1866 election
5th Parliament 1871 election
6th Parliament 1875 election
7th Parliament 1879 election
8th Parliament 1881 election
9th Parliament 1884 election
10th Parliament 1887 election
Liberal Party era
11th Parliament 1890 election Liberal
12th Parliament 1893 election
13th Parliament 1896 election
14th Parliament 1899 election
15th Parliament 1902 election
16th Parliament 1905 election
17th Parliament 1908 election
Multi-party era
18th Parliament 1911 election Reform
19th Parliament 1914 election
20th Parliament 1919 election
21st Parliament 1922 election
22nd Parliament 1925 election
23rd Parliament 1928 election United
24th Parliament 1931 election United–Reform coalition
25th Parliament 1935 election First Labour
Two-party era
26th Parliament 1938 election First Labour
27th Parliament 1943 election
28th Parliament 1946 election
29th Parliament 1949 election First National
30th Parliament 1951 election
31st Parliament 1954 election
32nd Parliament 1957 election Second Labour
33rd Parliament 1960 election Second National
34th Parliament 1963 election
35th Parliament 1966 election
36th Parliament 1969 election
37th Parliament 1972 election Third Labour
38th Parliament 1975 election Third National
39th Parliament 1978 election
40th Parliament 1981 election
41st Parliament 1984 election Fourth Labour
42nd Parliament 1987 election
43rd Parliament 1990 election Fourth National
44th Parliament 1993 election
Mixed-member proportional era
45th Parliament 1996 election Fourth National (in coalition)
46th Parliament 1999 election Fifth Labour (in coalition)
47th Parliament 2002 election
48th Parliament 2005 election
49th Parliament 2008 election Fifth National (minority)
50th Parliament 2011 election
51st Parliament 2014 election
52nd Parliament 2017 election Sixth Labour (in coalition)
53rd Parliament 2020 election Sixth Labour
54th Parliament 2023 election Sixth National (in coalition)

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The House of Representatives itself is regarded as always in existence, notwithstanding that Parliament has been dissolved.
  2. ^ Section 7 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) requires that the attorney-general report to the New Zealand Parliament on any bills that contain provisions that appear to be inconsistent with the NZBORA.[60] See Bills reported as inconsistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d "First sitting, 1854". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 19 August 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d McLean, Gavin (28 September 2016). "Governors and governors-general – Constitutional duties". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e Martin, John E. (17 February 2015). "Parliament". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  4. ^ "Opening of the 54th Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  5. ^ Steeds, Bernard (May–June 2003). "Within the corridors of power". New Zealand Geographic. No. 63. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d "Parliament Brief : What is Parliament?". New Zealand Parliament. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  7. ^ "Bill of Rights 1688 No 2 (as at 26 March 2015), Imperial Act". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 16 December 1689. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Moon, Paul (2010). New Zealand Birth Certificates: 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents. AUT Media. p. 66. ISBN 9780958299718.
  9. ^ a b c "History of the governor-general: Crown colony era". NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 4 February 2025. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  10. ^ "Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand". November 1840. Retrieved 28 October 2025 – via NZLII.
  11. ^ McIntyre, W. David (20 June 2012). "Self-government and independence – Crown Colony". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  12. ^ "A history of New Zealand 1769–1914". NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 9 September 2025. Retrieved 29 October 2025.
  13. ^ a b McIntyre, W. David (20 June 2012). "Self-government and independence – Constitution Act 1852". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  14. ^ Wilding, Norman W.; Laundy, Philip (1972). An Encyclopaedia of Parliament. Cassell. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-304-93689-2.
  15. ^ a b Constitution Bill 1986. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 1986. p. 1345. ... to rename as 'Parliament' the body now known as the 'General Assembly'. 'Parliament' is the term popularly accepted and used.
  16. ^ "The House of Representatives: Quick history". NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2025.
  17. ^ McLintock, Alexander Hare, ed. (1966). "Constitutional History – The 1852 Constitution and Responsible Government". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  18. ^ Martin, John E. (1 February 2015). "Parliament – Evolution of Parliament, 19th century". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  19. ^ a b "Legislative Council abolished". NZ History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  20. ^ a b c Martin, John E. (1 February 2015). "Parliament – Structural changes, 1890s to 1950s". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  21. ^ Palmer, Geoffrey. "The Constitutional Significance of the Abolition of the Legislative Council in 1950." The New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law 15, no. 1 (2017): 123–47.
  22. ^ a b "Legislative Council Chamber". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  23. ^ Joseph, Philip (1989). "Foundations of the constitution" (PDF). Canterbury Law Review. 4: 62 – via New Zealand Legal Information Institute.
  24. ^ "New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1973" (PDF). 1973. Retrieved 23 October 2025 – via New Zealand Legal Information Institute. The General Assembly shall have full power to make laws having effect in, or in respect of, New Zealand or any part thereof and laws having effect outside New Zealand.
  25. ^ a b "Constitution Act 1986". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 13 December 1986. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  26. ^ Jackson, W. K. (1972). The New Zealand Legislative Council: A Study of the Establishment, Failure and Abolition of an Upper House. University of Toronto Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-8020-1860-2.
  27. ^ Memoirs: 1912–1960, Sir John Marshall, Collins, 1984, 159–60
  28. ^ a b "Senate Bill: Report of Electoral Law Committee". 7 June 1994. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  29. ^ "New Zealand Legislates for the 1993 Referendum on its Electoral System". Newsletter of the Proportional Representation Society of Australia (69). March 1993. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
  30. ^ "New Zealand Hansard: Tuesday, December 15, 1992 Electoral Reform Bill : Introduction". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
  31. ^ Submission: Electoral Reform Bill (February 1993)
  32. ^ Luke Malpass; Oliver Marc Hartwich (24 March 2010). "Superseding MMP: Real Electoral Reform for New Zealand" (PDF). Centre for Independent Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2010.
  33. ^ "Constitution Act 1986 s 11". New Zealand Legislation.
  34. ^ Kaiser, André (2008). "Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 14 (1–2): 20–45. doi:10.1080/13572330801920887. S2CID 154663945. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Number of Electorates and Electoral Populations: 2013 Census". Statistics New Zealand. 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  36. ^ "MPs and Electorates". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  37. ^ a b "Role of Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  38. ^ Wood & Rudd 2004, pp. 52–55.
  39. ^ a b Wilson 1985, p. 147.
  40. ^ "Ministers". Cabinet Manual. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
  41. ^ "Last meeting of the Legislative Council, 1950". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  42. ^ a b c d "Opening of Parliament ceremonies on 8 and 9 December 2008". New Zealand Parliament. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  43. ^ Joseph 2007, pp. 19–20.
  44. ^ a b c Joseph 2007, p. 498–499.
  45. ^ Bevir, Mark (2008). "The Westminster Model, Governance, and Judicial Reform". Parliamentary Affairs. 61 (4): 559–577. doi:10.1093/pa/gsn025.
  46. ^ "Electoral Act 1993 No 87 (as at 01 May 2017), Public Act 268 Restriction on amendment or repeal of certain provisions". legislation.govt.nz. New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  47. ^ "Glossary: Entrenched legislation". ourconstitution.org.nz. Constitutional Advisory Panel. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  48. ^ "Chapter 2 The Basis of Parliamentary Procedure – New Zealand Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  49. ^ Elkind, Jerome B. (1987). "A New Look at Entrenchment". The Modern Law Review. 50 (2): 158–175. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1987.tb02570.x. ISSN 0026-7961. JSTOR 1096137.
  50. ^ a b "Summoning, Proroguing and Dissolving Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  51. ^ "Writ-ten in the stars". New Zealand Parliament. 23 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  52. ^ Archive footage (1954) from British Pathé at YouTube
  53. ^ "State opening of Parliament, 1986". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  54. ^ "Display of royal memorabilia". New Zealand Parliament. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2018. During her first eagerly awaited tour over the summer of 1953–54 Parliament was summoned for a special short session in January to allow her to open Parliament and deliver the Speech from the Throne. She again opened a special session of Parliament in February 1963. She also opened Parliament in March 1970 and February 1974. In February 1977 she opened another special session at the same time as formally opening the Beehive (the Executive Wing). More recently she has opened Parliament in February 1986 and February 1990.
  55. ^ "Roles and regalia at the Opening of Parliament". New Zealand Parliament. 13 October 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  56. ^ a b c "Chapter 7 Parties and Government". New Zealand Parliament. 14 October 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
  57. ^ a b Palmer, Matthew S. R.; Knight, Dean R. (2022). The Constitution of New Zealand: A Contextual Analysis. Oxford: Hart. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-84946-903-6.
  58. ^ Joseph 2007, pp. 713–714.
  59. ^ "New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 – The Legislation Design and Advisory Committee". New Zealand Legislation Design and Advisory Committee. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  60. ^ Patel, Nilay B. (Spring 2007). "Strengthening Section 7 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act" (PDF). Australasian Parliamentary Review. 22 (2): 59–71. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

Sources

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  • Joseph, Philip A. (2007). Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand (3rd ed.). Wellington: Brookers. ISBN 978-0-86472-601-8.
  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Books. ISBN 978-0-477-01384-0.
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [1st ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
  • Wood, G. A.; Rudd, Chris (2004). The Politics and Government of New Zealand: Robust, Innovative and Challenged. University of Otago Press. ISBN 1877276464.
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