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Patiala State

Coordinates: 31°07′N 77°38′E / 31.117°N 77.633°E / 31.117; 77.633
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

State of Patiala
1762–1947
Coat of arms of Patiala
Coat of arms
Patiala State, Imperial Gazetteer of India (Vol. XXVI), 1931
Patiala State, Imperial Gazetteer of India (Vol. XXVI), 1931
StatusKingdom (1763-1809)
Princely State (1809-1947
CapitalPatiala
Common languagesPunjabi (official)
Religion
Sikh
GovernmentAbsolute monarchy
Maharaja 
• 1762 - 1765
Ala Singh
• 1938 - 1947
Yadavindra Singh
History 
• Established
1762
• Disestablished
1947
Area
• Total
15,389 km2 (5,942 sq mi)
Population
• 1881[1]
1,467,433
• 1891[1]
1,583,521
• 1901[1]
1,596,692
CurrencyRupee and Paisa
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Mughal Empire
Durrani Empire
Phulkian Misl
East India Company
Sikh Empire
PEPSU
Republic of India
Today part ofIndia
Pakistan
  1. https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_046.gif

Patiala State was a kingdom and princely state in British India, and one of the Phulkian States, that acceded to the Union of India upon Indian independence and partition in 1947. The state was founded by Ala Singh in 1762.[2][3] Patiala State was the largest and most important princely state in the Punjab Province.[4] The state's ruler, the Maharaja of Patiala, was entitled to a 17-gun salute and held precedence over all other princes in the Punjab Province during the British Raj.[2] The state was ruled by Jat Sikhs of the Sidhu clan.[3]

The kingdom's imperial troops also fought in World War I and World War II on behalf of the British Indian Empire.

Etymology

[edit]

The state took its name from its principal city and capital, Patiala, from Punjabi patti ("strip of land") and ala (referring to Ala Singh), together meaning a strip of land belonging to Ala Singh, founder of the city and state.[5][6]

History

[edit]

Family background

[edit]

The Patiala ruling family remotely claimed origins from Bhati Rajputs of Jaisalmer in the 12th century, specifically the Jadon Bhati chief Jaisal who was the founder and first ruler of Jaisalmer.[7][6][8]: 89 [9] Based on this, the Phulkian rulers claimed Rajput status up-to the 20th century.[10] At some point, their ancestors moved from Jaisalmer in Rajasthan to Phul in Punjab.[6] The ruling house claims descent from Rao Hem Hel of Jaisalmer, the third son of Jaisal, who settled in 1185 at Bhatinda.[note 1][11] Other sources describe Hem Hel as being the grandson of Jaisal.[12] Hem Hel would expand to Hisar, where he was pushed back to Bhatinda by Prithviraj Chauhaun.[12] Hem Hel managed to take control of territory located south of Muktsar and expelled the previous Punwar rulers from the tract.[13] Hem Hel died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son Jaidrath (Jundar).[13]

Between 1526 and 1560, the ancestral family of the later Patiala rulers was headed by chaudhary Bariam, a Phulkian Jat.[3][14] Bariam was awarded with a chaudhriyat grant by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1526 due to his actions in supporting the Mughal invader at the First Battle of Panipat.[14] This grant allowed Bariam to collect revenue from the badlands located to the southwest of Delhi.[14]

In 1560, custodianship over the family was then led by Mehraj, who was followed by Pukko.[3] Pukko was followed by Mohan, who led the family until 1618.[3] Mohan and his son Rup Chand were killed in circa 1618 during a skirmish with Bhattis.[8]: 89 

From 1618 onwards, the family was led by Kala, who was the second-son of Mohan.[3][8]: 89  Kala was succeeded by Phul, a son of Rup Chand.[note 2][3][8]: 89  According to lore, Phul met with Guru Hargobind, with the guru prophesying that Phul's descendants would spread-out and be successful.[14] This was through the Sikh guru making a pun on Phul name, which means "flower", and that Phul's descendants would "bear many blossoms" and "satisfy the hunger of many".[14] Phul had seven sons and two wives, with two prominent sons being Rama and Tiloka, with both being born to the same mother.[15][14] The progeny of Tiloka would form the houses of Nabha and Jind whilst Rama's descendants became the Patiala ruling-house.[7] Phul headed the family until 1652, being succeeded by Rama Chand.[3] Rama's son was Ala Singh.[7]

Guru Gobind Singh, damaged fresco from Qila Mubarak, Patiala, circa 19th century

In 1696, Guru Gobind Singh is believed to have blessed the family, having issued a hukamnama edict on 2 August 1696 (2 Bhadon 1753 Bk.[15]) addressed to Rama Chand and Tiloka Chand of the family urging them to visit the guru's court and bring with them men and horses.[6][15] The Sikh guru also gifted Rama and Tiloka a battle-standard and eleven weapons, which is seen as bestowing a special accord onto the family.[6] In 1702, Rama and Tiloka underwent the pahul ceremony at Damdama Sahib, with their Khalsa baptism being conducted by Guru Gobind Singh himself.[6] Thus-after, the family started appending the Singh title to their name.[6] However, according to Barbara Ramusack, Ala Singh was the first member to adopt the Singh title.[14] Out of the six sons of Rama, two of them also appended their name with Singh (with one of these two being Ala Singh).[6] Rama Chand was succeeded as head of the family by Ala Singh in 1714.[3][6] Whilst Rama's descendants formed the ruling house of Patiala State, the descendants of Tiloka formed the ruling house of Nabha and Jind states.[16][14]

Ala Singh, the founder of Patiala State, was a descendant of the Sidhu clan of Jats. He was born into the Phulkian dynasty, a confederacy established by Chaudhary Phul Sidhu-Brar. Ala was the third-son of his father Rama.[14] Ala Singh’s leadership and military prowess enabled him to establish Patiala as a significant princely state in the Punjab region.[17][18]

Founding and territorial evolution

[edit]

According to Giani Gian Singh's Twarikh Guru Khalsa, Ala Singh was bestowed the title of raja by emperor Muhammad Shah of the Mughal Empire in 1725 C.E. (1781 Bk.) at the Delhi Durbar to recognize Ala Singh's efforts toward fighting insurgents.[8]: 73  Ala Singh was awarded the title by Wasiyar Khan of Sirhind.[8]: 73  Afterwards, Ala Singh would expand and consolidate his power.[8]: 73 

Equestrian painting of Maharaja Ala Singh of Patiala, gouache heightened with gold on paper

The locality of Patiala was founded by sardar Ala Singh in 1752.[3] In 1761, the Afghans defeated the forces of Ala Singh at Barnala.[6] Ahmad Shah Abdali had targetted Barnala locality of the Patiala chief due to Ala Singh assisting the Marathas by providing them supplies.[19] Mai Fatto, Ala Singh's wife, responded diplomatically to the situation and managed to arrange a meeting between Ala Singh and Ahmad Shah Abdali through negotiations with Shah Wali Khan, the wazir of Abdali.[19] Ala Singh was captured by the Afghans and taken to Ahmad Shah Abdali.[6] This was the first meeting between Abdali and Ala Singh.[19] The Afghans demanded a four lakh rupee ransom to secure Ala Singh's release.[6][19] Abdali wanted to win-over Ala Singh to his cause and Ala Singh became a vassal of the Afghans.[3][19] In a firman issued by Ahmad Shah Abdali to Zain Khan Sirhindi on 29 March 1761, it is noted that Ala Singh possessed 726 villages, particularly in the parganas of Sunam (224), Samana (266), Sirhind (52), Sanaur (89), Chhat (8), Masigan (17), Kohram (6), Banur (37), and Mansurpur (23), and there were four villages in other locations.[19] Aside from the confirmation of the villages in his possession, Ala Singh also received a robe-of-honour from Abdali.[19] The firman commanded Zain Khan to recognize Ala Singh as an independent chief and an ally of the Afghans.[19] Mir Taqi was appointed to obtain tribute from Ala Singh.[19]

Patiala State was founded by Ala Singh as a chiefship slightly later in March 1762 after Ahmad Shah Abdali bestowed Ala Singh with the raja title, gifting him with a robe-of-honour, nagadas (war drums), the right to coin money, and an embrace.[6] Yet Ala Singh was expected to bestow an annual tribute on the Afghan ruler.[14] Ramusack dates this bestowal several years later in 1765.[14] In 1763, after the Battle of Sirhind, the Sikh Confederation partitioned the Sirhind area and gave the territory to Ala Singh.[2][3] The areas in Sirhind, along with Ala Singh's other conquered territories, formed the initial territories of the Patiala state.[20] Also in 1763, Ala Singh constructed a mud-fortress around a mound, known as the Qila Mubarak (meaning "blessed fort").[6] Ala Singh established the rules for the right of succession based on primogeniture.[6] Indu Banga describes Ala Singh as being politically expedient in his external relations, where local Sikh leaders benefited from a complex series of relations in a region where various parties were vying for dominance.[7][21]

After Ala Singh reconciled with the Afghan ruler, becoming his vassal and receiving a robe-of-honour, he was criticized by his fellow Sikh chiefs of the Dal Khalsa as a traitor.[19] Ala Singh defended himself by stating that he only had two options, fight Abdali and lose, meaning a loss of Sikh control over the cis-Sutlej region, or become his vassal and preserve Sikh power in the area.[19] Jassa Singh Ahluwalia helped Ala Singh make his case to the rest of the Sikh leaders, and the other Sikh chiefs accepted Ala Singh once again.[19] After Abdali's departure, the cis-Sutlej region was embroiled in-conflict again, with the Sikhs launching raids and extracting tribute from the Sirhind region and its governor, Zain Khan Sirhindi, being unable to get the situation under control.[19] The diwan of Zain Khan, named Lakshami Narain, was attacked by Sikhs while en-route during revenue-collection, who stole the funds.[19] Aside from Sirhind, the situation in Lahore province was also dire for the Afghans, as the governor Khwaja Obed was killed by the Sikhs under Charat Singh.[19] Thus, Abdali decided to act and punish the Sikhs for their antics, which would lead up into a mass-killing known as the Vadda Ghalughara, in-which around 12,000–15,000 Sikh men were slaughtered by the Afghan forces.[19]

According to many, Ala Singh failed to assist his religious kin during the massacre.[22] He stayed neutral during the events and did not initiate hostilities against the Durranis.[22] However, this neutrality would not save Ala Singh as Abdali, whom had been told that Ala Singh was a "secret ally of the Majhi Sikhs" by Zain Khan and Bikhan Khan, would later burn down Barnala and advanced upon Bhawanigarh, where Ala Singh was holed up.[22] Ala Singh sought out the help of Najib-ud-Daula and was forced to pay a humiliating fee of "five lakhs of rupees as tribute and a hundred and twenty-five thousand rupees more for permission to appear before him with his long hair intact" to placate Abdali.[22] After this, Ala Singh was detained for a short-while but was released on the promise that his polity would pay an annual tribute to the Durranis.[22]

Kirpal Singh argues that Ala Singh did assist his co-religionists during the massacre.[23] He states that the vakil of Ala Singh, named Sekhu Singh Hambalka, was with the surrounded Sikhs during the massacre at Kup.[23] He claims that Sekhu Singh and Sangu Singh were ordered to lead the Sikh women and children to Barnala and Thikriwala for safety, which were within Ala Singh's territory.[23] This is evidenced in the Khazana-i-Amara, which states that a report of 200,000 fleeing Sikhs sought safety in Sirhind and near the territory of "Ala Singh Jat" was made when Abdali reached Lahore.[23] By the time Abdali reached Barnala, Ala Singh had already managed to escape.[23] This damaged Ala Singh's relations with Abadali, whom was already being told negativities about Ala Singh by the diwan Lakhshami Narain.[23] Thus, Ala Singh was arrested and nearly had his cut-off but managed to pay a fee instead.[23] When Abdali demanded that Ala Singh's hair be cut, Ala Singh responded that he was prepared to die rather than sacrifice his hair.[23] Ala Singh offered to pay one lakh rupees instead, with Abdali accepting a payment of 125,000 rupees.[23] After the massacre, Ala Singh joined a coalition of Sikh forces to punish Zain Khan, to prove he was still with the Dal Khalsa.[23] This led to the Battle of Sirhind in 13 January 1764, in-which the Sikh forces defeated the forces of Zain Khan, paving the way for Sikh domination of this tract of land for the foreseeable future.[23]

Patiala State continued to expand during the rule of Ala Singh's successor, Raja-Rajgan Amar Singh.[24][3]

Amar Singh of Patiala

Ala Singh's successor, Amar Singh (b. 1748, r. 1765–1782), took-on the Raja-i-Rajagan Bahadur title in 1767.[3] Amar Singh became a baptized Sikh and expanded the polity through crafty alliances and strategic conquests.[7] After Amar Singh's death, there were a series of succession dispute in Patiala, with the north-ward expanding Marathas and other regional, rival Sikh chiefs taking advantage of it to advance their own interests in the region.[7] However, during the 1790s, women of the Patiala ruling-house, notably Rani Rajinder Kaur (d. 1791, cousin of Amar Singh) and Rani Sahib Kaur (d. 1799, sister of Sahib Singh) defended the political entity from the Marathas through their leadership.[7]

Maharaja Sahib Singh (the first ruler to hold the title of Maharaja), expanded the kingdom further.[24][3] Patiala State, which initially had recognized the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire to its north, became a British protectorate in 1809 via treaty in-order to protect itself from annexation by Ranjit Singh.[3][7]

Map created by the British East India Company of the Malwa region of Punjab showing the various polities, borders, and settlements of the area, ca.1829–1835. The state of Patiala dwarfed other cis-Sutlej states in-size.

The next major expansion of Patiala State's territory occurred during and after 1814, under Karam Singh.[24][3] For Karam Singh's support during the Anglo-Nepalese War, which took place between 1814 and 1816, the British Empire awarded him territory in the hill states, extending Patiala State's territory to areas in what is now Himachal Pradesh, including Shimla and Chail.[24][25] After the First Anglo-Sikh war, which took place between 1845 and 1846, the state expanded again when, in return for its support during the war, the British Empire confiscated land from Nabha State and rewarded it to Patiala State.[24][7]

After 1857 and during the rule of Narinder Singh, Patiala State's territory was expanded for the final time.[24] Narinder Singh's services and the support to the British Empire resulted in Patiala State gaining sovereign rights in the Narunal division of Jhajjar, in modern Haryana, and he purchased the taluka of Khamanu.[24] Narinder Singh was also granted administrative jurisdiction over Bhadaur and the annual revenue from the area.[24]

British suzerainty

[edit]

In 1809, Patiala State entered into an alliance with the British Empire, whereby the state was given internal autonomy with certain restrictions, and the rulers of Patiala state recognised the British Empire as their suzerains.[24][3] At the Ambala Darbar held in Ambala between 18–20 January 1860, a decision to exempt Patiala, Nabha, and Jind states from the doctrine-of-lapse.[26] During the British Raj, the rulers of Patiala State were entitled to a 17-gun salute and held precedence over every other princely state in the Punjab Province.[2]

Independence and abolition

[edit]
1946 map of India showing the various states; Patiala is found in the middle of eastern Punjab

In 1947, Yadavindra Singh, the last Maharaja of Patiala, agreed to the accession of Patiala State into the independent Dominion of India.[27] Members and descendants of the Patiala royal family maintained their princely titles until they were abolished in India in 1971 through the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India. Patiala State's historical territory is in the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

Role of women in Patiala State

[edit]

Many women played prominent roles in Patiala State throughout its history. Lepel Griffin remarked that the Phulkian chiefs (including Patiala) excluded women from positions of power due to "... suspicion that they [women] were able to use it far more wisely than themselves [men]".[7]

According to Syad Muhammad Latif: "For many years Patiala was under the influence of women of courage, wisdom and activity, such as Rani Hukman, Rani Khem Kaur, Bibi Pardhan Kaur, the grand aunt of Maharaja Sahib Singh and Rani Rajender Kaur of Phagwara."[28]

Some notable women of Patiala State are as follows:

Rulers and titles

[edit]
Main article: Maharaja of Patiala

Raja

[edit]

Raja-e-Rajgan

[edit]
  • 1767 – 5 February 1781: Amar Singh (s.a.)[3]
    • 1771 – 1774: Himmat Singh (Pretender; died 1774)[3]
  • February 1781 – 1813: Sahib Singh (b. 1774 – d. 1813)[3]
    • 1781 – 1790: Dewan Nandu Mal (Regent)[3]

Maharaja

[edit]
  • 26 March 1813 – 23 December 1845: Karam Singh (b. 1797 – d. 1845)[3]
    • 26 March 1813 – 1823: Maharani Aus Kaur (f) – Regent (b. 1772 – d. af.1823)[3]
  • 23 Dec 1845 – 13 November 1862: Narinder Singh (b. 1823 – d. 1862) (from 25 June 1861 Sir Narendra Singh)[3]
  • 13 November 1862 – 14 April 1876: Mahendra Singh (b. 1852 – d. 1876) (from 28 May 1870 Sir Mahendra Singh)[3]
    • 13 Nov 1862 – 26 February 1870: Jagdish Singh (Regent, chairman of regency council)[3]
  • 14 Apr 1876 – 9 November 1900: Rajinder Singh (b. 1872 – d. 1900) (from 21 May 1898 Sir Rajendra Singh)[3]
    • 14 April 1876 – October 1890: Sir Deva Singh (Regent) (b. 1834 – d. 1890) (chairman of regency council)[3]
  • 9 November 1900 – 23 March 1938: Bhupinder Singh (b. 1891 – d. 1938) (from 12 December 1911 Sir Bhupindra[3]Singh)
    • 9 November 1900 – 3 November 1910: Sardar Gurmukh Singh – (Regent, chairman of regency council)[3]
  • 23 Mar 1938 – 15 August 1947: Yadavindra Singh (b. 1913 – d. 1974) (from 1 January 1942 Sir Yadavindra Singh)[3]

Administration

[edit]
Map of Patiala State, including its internal administrative divisions (nizamats and tehsils) 1941

Patiala State was divided into various Districts (Nizamat) and tehsils (sub-districts).

Administrative Divisions of Patiala State (1941)[29]
District Tehsil Police Stations
Patiala Rajpura Rajpura, Lalru, Banur
Patiala Kotwali & Sadar Patiala, Ghanaur, Behru
Bassi Dhuri Sherpur, Dhuri, Payal
Sirhind Bassi, Sirhind, Mulepur
Karamgarh Narwana Narwana
Sunam Sunam, Munak
Bhawanigarh Bhawanigarh, Dirba, Samana
Anahadgarh Bhatinda Bhatinda, Raman
Barnala Barnala, Bhadaur
Mansa Mansa, Bhikhi, Sardulgarh, Boha
Kohistan Kandaghat Kandaghat, Dharampur, Pinjore
Mahendargarh Narnaul Satnali, Mahendragarh, Narnaul, Nangal Chowdhry
Today, the entire Mahendragarh district is part of Haryana. Most of Narwana tehsil also lies within Haryana, while the majority of the former Kohistan district is now divided between Himachal Pradesh (Kandaghat part) and Haryana(Pinjore part). The remaining districts are now part of Punjab.
Map of the Phulkian & Neighbouring States showing administrative divisions and railway lines from Lahore to Delhi, c. 1909. Source: Wikimedia Commons
Administrative Divisions of Patiala State (1904)[30]
District (Nizāmat) Tahsil Remarks
Karmgarh, also called Bhawānigarh, at which place its head-quarters are. Patiāla also called Chaurāsi, in Pawādh.
Bhawānigarh or ‘’’Dhodhān’’’, Pawādh and partly in the Jangal.
Sunām mostly in the Jangal.
Narwāna comprising the Bāngar.
Amargarh, also called Bāssī, at which place its head-quarters are. Fatehgarh or ‘’’Sirhind’’’, in the Pawādh.
Amargarh also known as ‘’’Dhūrī’’’, where the present tahsīl headquarters are, in the Jangal.
Sāhibgarh or ‘’’Payal’’’, where the head-quarters are, mainly in the Jangal and partly in the Pawādh.
Anāhadgarh, also called Barnāla, at which place its head-quarters are. Anāhadgarh in the Jangal.
Govindgarh or ‘’’Bhatinda’’’, in the Jangal.
Bhīkhi in the Jangal.
Pinjaur Rājpura in the Pawādh.
Banūr
Ghanaur
Pinjaur in the Himālayān area.
Mohindargarh, popularly called the Nārnaul nizāmat. Mohindargarh also called Kānaud, from the name of the old fort and town at which its head-quarters are.
Nārnaul

Demographics

[edit]
1941 Census of Patiala State (Religion-wise Distribution)[31]
District & Tehsil Hindu Sikh Islam Christian Jain Parsi Jews Budh Others Total
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % P. % P. P. P. Pop. % Pop
PATIALA 82,639 27.77% 108,937 36.61% 104,929 35.27% 603 0.20% 256 0.09% 8 7 3 158 0.05% 297,540
Patiala 52,802 28.81% 62,469 34.08% 67,384 36.76% 329 0.18% 146 0.08% 8 7 3 158 0.09% 183,306
Rajpura 29,837 26.12% 46,468 40.68% 37,545 32.87% 274 0.24% 110 0.10% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 114,234
BASSI 52,747 13.75% 218,960 57.07% 111,026 28.94% 549 0.14% 24 0.01% 1 0 0 368 0.10% 383,675
Sirhind 26,149 16.12% 73,258 45.16% 62,174 38.33% 375 0.23% 0 0.00% 1 0 0 255 0.16% 162,212
Dhuri 26,598 12.01% 145,702 65.79% 48,852 22.06% 174 0.08% 24 0.01% 1 0 0 113 0.05% 221,463
KARAMGARTH 167,790 36.67% 194,457 42.50% 93,210 20.37% 63 0.01% 2,079 0.45% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 457,599
BhawaniGarh 24,413 16.48% 77,250 52.15% 46,420 31.34% 1 0.00% 48 0.03% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 148,131
Narwana 112,025 71.67% 24,009 15.36% 18,643 11.93% 0 0.00% 1,629 1.04% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 156,306
Sunam 31,352 20.47% 93,198 60.85% 28,147 18.38% 63 0.04% 402 0.26% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 153,162
ANAHADGARTH 68,290 12.57% 371,165 68.33% 102,051 18.79% 325 0.06% 575 0.11% 0 5 0 792 0.15% 543,203
Barnala 17,460 14.33% 79,372 65.14% 24,710 20.28% 116 0.10% 126 0.10% 0 0 0 55 0.05% 121,839
Mansa 22,600 12.04% 136,454 72.69% 28,647 15.26% 10 0.01% 0 0.00% 0 0 0 0 0.00% 187,711
Bhatinda 28,230 12.08% 155,339 66.48% 48,694 20.84% 199 0.09% 449 0.19% 0 5 0 737 0.32% 233,653
KOHISTAN 53,797 88.58% 2,296 3.78% 4,579 7.54% 49 0.08% 3 0.00% 12 0 0 12 0.02% 60,736
Kandaghat 53,797 88.58% 2,296 3.78% 4,579 7.54% 49 0.08% 3 0.00% 12 0 0 12 0.02% 60,736
MAHENDRAGARTH 172,225 89.00% 206 0.11% 20,744 10.72% 3 0.00% 164 0.08% 0 0 0 164 0.08% 193,506
Narnaul 172,225 89.00% 206 0.11% 20,744 10.72% 3 0.00% 164 0.08% 0 0 0 164 0.08% 193,506
All State 597,488 30.86% 896,021 46.28% 436,539 22.55% 1,592 0.08% 3,101 0.16% 21 12 3 1,482 0.08% 1,936,259
Religious groups in Patiala State (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group 		1881[32][33][34] 1891[35] 1901[36] 1911[37][38] 1921[39] 1931[40] 1941[41]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Hinduism [a] 734,902 50.08% 942,739 59.53% 880,490 55.14% 563,940 40.06% 642,055 42.81% 623,597 38.36% 597,488 30.86%
Sikhism 408,141 27.81% 285,348 18.02% 355,649 22.27% 532,292 37.81% 522,675 34.85% 632,972 38.94% 896,021 46.28%
Islam 321,354 21.9% 352,046 22.23% 357,334 22.38% 307,384 21.84% 330,341 22.03% 363,920 22.39% 436,539 22.55%
Jainism 2,997 0.2% 3,228 0.2% 2,877 0.18% 3,282 0.23% 3,249 0.22% 3,578 0.22% 3,101 0.16%
Christianity 39 0% 105 0.01% 316 0.02% 739 0.05% 1,395 0.09% 1,449 0.09% 1,592 0.08%
Zoroastrianism 0 0% 55 0% 26 0% 22 0% 21 0% 2 0% 21 0%
Buddhism 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 3 0% 2 0% 3 0%
Judaism — — 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 12 0%
Others 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1,482 0.08%
Total population 1,467,433 100% 1,583,521 100% 1,596,692 100% 1,407,659 100% 1,499,739 100% 1,625,520 100% 1,936,259 100%
Note: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Transport

[edit]

Railways

[edit]

The following railway stations were situated within Patiala State territory as per the 1941 Census Report:[42]

Railway Stations in Patiala State Territory (1941)
No. Railway Line Stations
1 North Western Railway (Delhi Division) Taksal, Gumman, Dharampur, Kumarhatti, Barog, Kandaghat, Kanoh, Kathleeg hat, Jatog, Doraha, Gobindgarh, Sirhind, Sadhugarh, Sarai Banjara, Rajpura, Shaubhu, Kauli, Patiala, Kakrala, Chhintawala, Dhuri, Alal, Sekha, Barnala, Hadyaya, Tappa, Rampura Phul, Phusmandi, Kot Fatta, Maisarkhana, Maur, Sadasinghwala, Mansa, Narindrepura, Bareta, Dhamtan, Dhraudi, Narwana, Ghaso, Uchana, Kalayat, Sajuma, Lalru, Surajpore, Fatehgarh Sahib, Bassi, Nagawan
2 North Western Railway (Ferozepore Division) Sunam, Chhajli, Lehragaga, Gurney, Baluana, Bhatinda, Katarsinghwala
3 Bikaner State Railway Sangat, Baghwali, Mohindergarh, Zerpurpali, Nanwan, Satnali, Bojawas
4 B B & C I Railway (Sirsa Division) Shergarh, Raman
5 B B & C I Railway (Bandikui Division) Narnaul, Nazampur
The following towns are in Himachal Pradesh today: Taksal, Gumman, Dharampur, Kumarhatti, Barog, Kandaghat, Kanoh, Kathleeg hat, and Jatog. The towns that are in Punjab today include: Doraha, Gobindgarh, Sirhind, Sadhugarh, Sarai Banjara, Rajpura, Shaubhu, Kauli, Patiala, Kakrala, Chhintawala, Dhuri, Alal, Sekha, Barnala, Hadyaya, Tappa, Rampura Phul, Phusmandi, Kot Fatta, Maisarkhana, Maur, Sadasinghwala, Mansa, Narindrepura, Bareta, Lalru, Fatehgarh Sahib, Bassi, Sunam, Chhajli, Lehragaga, Gurney, Baluana, Bhatinda, Katarsinghwala, Sangat, Baghwali, and Raman. The following towns are in Haryana today: Dhamtan, Dhraudi, Narwana, Ghaso, Uchana, Kalayat, Sajuma, Mohindergarh, Satnali, Bojawas, Shergarh, Narnaul, Nazampur, Pinjore, Mahendragarh, Nangal Chowdhri, Surajpore, Zerpurpali, Nanwan and Nagawan.

Orders and decorations

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The Nishan-i-Phul, Padshahi Phuli Manya Mandal, Yadu Vansha Manya Mandal, Guru Ghar Manya Mandal, and Nishan-i-Iftikhar were orders and decorations conferred by the Maharaja of Patiala.[43]

Artwork

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Philip Tennyson Cole was hired by the Maharaja of Patiala to paint him and members of his dynasty, including historical figures, such as Ala Singh.[44]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Rao Hem Hel's name is alternatively spelt as 'Hemhel', he is alternatively known as Han Raj or Bhim Mal (as per Giani Gian Singh).
  2. ^ Phul was one of the two sons of Rup Chand, with the other son being Sandali.
  1. ^ 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis

References

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  1. ^ a b c Imperial gazetteer of India. Vol. XX Pardi to Pusad. 1908. pp. 40, 42.
  2. ^ a b c d Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Part A]. Part 1. Punjab Government Press. 1900. pp. 46–52. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Truhart, Peter (2017). Regents of Nations: Asia, Australia-Oceania, Part 2 (Reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1398–1399. ISBN 9783111616254.
  4. ^ Bond, J. W.; Wright, Arnold (2006). Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 232–242. ISBN 978-81-206-1965-4. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  5. ^ Kaur, Roopam Jasmeet; Idris, Mohammad (2011). "The Development of Education in Patiala District (1948-2001): A Gendered Analysis". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 72: 1460–1470. JSTOR 44145757.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Singh, Khushwant. "The 'People's Captain'". The Global Sikh Trail. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ramusack, Barbara N. (8 January 2004). "Princely States Prior to 1800". The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 9781139449083.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Splendours of Patiala Art. R. P. Srivastava, Sanjeev Prasad Srivastava. Harman Publishing House. 2005. ISBN 9788186622742.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ Jhala, Angma Dey (6 October 2015). Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India. Routledge. ISBN 9781317316565. Nabha and its neighbours Patiala and Jind similarly claimed Rajput descent remotely from Jaisal, the Bhatti Rajput founder of Jaisalmer state.
  10. ^ Ramusack, Barbara N. (8 January 2004). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
  11. ^ The Panjab Past and Present. Vol. 20. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1986. p. 389.
  12. ^ a b Singh, Vir (2007). The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India. Low Price Publications. pp. 130, 136. ISBN 9788188629688.
  13. ^ a b The City of Faridkot: Past and Present. Fauja Singh, R. C. Rabra. Punjabi University. 1976. pp. 3–5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ramusack, Barbara N. (8 January 2004). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
  15. ^ a b c Singh, Ganda (1951). Patiala and East Panjab States Union: Historical Background. Archives Department, Government of the Patiala and E.P.S. Union. pp. 44–45.
  16. ^ Gandhi, Surjit Singh (2004). A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. Singh Bros. p. 304. ISBN 9788172053062.
  17. ^ Gazetteer of the Karnal District: 1883. Arya Press. 1883.
  18. ^ Wendel, François Xavier (1991). Wendel's Memoirs on the Origin, Growth and Present State of Jat Power in Hindustan (1768). Institut français de Pondichery. “Jats in Hindustan under three different chiefs : first , the Jats around Delhi , in the same government as Patiala , Malar , etc. , areas in the domain of Ala Singh Jat.”
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Singh, Kirpal (2005). Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom (2nd ed.). Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 72–77.
  20. ^ Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 97–98.
  21. ^ Banga, Indu (1976). "Ala Singh: The Founder of Patiala State". In Singh, Harbans; Barrier, Normal Gerald (eds.). Punjab Past and Present: Essays in Honor of Dr. Ganda Singh. Patiala. p. 155.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ a b c d e Singh, Teja; Singh, Ganda (2006). "Sixth invasion of Durrani and second Holocaust". A Short History of the Sikhs. Vol. 1 (1469–1765). Publication Bureau of Punjabi University, Patiala. pp. 162–164. ISBN 8173800073.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Singh, Kirpal (2005). Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom (2nd ed.). Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University. pp. 72–78.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i Massy, Charles Francis (1890). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab. Allahabad: Pioneer Press. pp. 12–15.
  25. ^ Singh, Khushwant (15 February 2017). Captain Amarinder Singh: The People's Maharaja: An Authorized Biography. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-85827-44-0. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  26. ^ Chatterji, Prashanto K. (1975). The Making of India Policy, 1853-65: A Study on the Relations of the Court of Directors, the India Board, the India Office, and the Government of India. University of Burdwan. pp. 152–153. ISBN 9780883868188. Eventually, at the Ambala Durbar (18-20 January 1860), Canning himself promised the three chiefs Sanads, guaranteeing their possessions to themselves and their heirs and the right to adopt from the Phoolkan family whenever ...
  27. ^ Panjab Past and Present. Part 2. Vol. 31. Patiala: Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 2000. pp. 94–97. Archived from the original on 20 June 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  28. ^ Sidhu, G. S. (2006). "9.1: Maharani Fatto (Fateh Kaur)". Sikh Religion and Women (1st ed.). Guru Nanak Charitable Trust. pp. 125–126. ISBN 9781902122007.
  29. ^ Census Report 1941 Patiala State, BY Lt. Col. Sukhdev Singh, Superintendent, Census Operations, page 10, Census of India Digital Library
  30. ^ Punjab Phulkian States Gazetteers, Volume XVII-A, 1904, p. 139. Available at Archive.org
  31. ^ CENSUS REPORT 1941 PATIALA STATE. pp. 294–308.
  32. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057656. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  33. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  34. ^ "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057658. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  35. ^ Edward Maclagan, Sir (1891). "The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory". p. 14. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318669. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  36. ^ "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  37. ^ "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  38. ^ Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  40. ^ "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  41. ^ India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  42. ^ Census Report 1941 Patiala State. Lt. Col. Sukhdev Singh, Superintendent, Census Operations. pp. xliv.
  43. ^ Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India. Anmol Publications. 1996. pp. 183–185. ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7.
  44. ^ Cole, Philip Tennyson (1931). Vanity Varnished: Reminiscences in Many Colours. Hutchinson. pp. 233–238.

Further reading

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31°07′N 77°38′E / 31.117°N 77.633°E / 31.117; 77.633

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