# Permutation automaton

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In automata theory, a permutation automaton, or pure-group automaton, is a deterministic finite automaton such that each input symbol permutes the set of states.[1][2]

Formally, a deterministic finite automaton A may be defined by the tuple (Q, Σ, δ, q0, F), where Q is the set of states of the automaton, Σ is the set of input symbols, δ is the transition function that takes a state q and an input symbol x to a new state δ(q,x), q0 is the initial state of the automaton, and F is the set of accepting states (also: final states) of the automaton. A is a permutation automaton if and only if, for every two distinct states qi and qj in Q and every input symbol x in Σ, δ(qi,x) ≠ δ(qj,x).

A formal language is p-regular (also: a pure-group language) if it is accepted by a permutation automaton. For example, the set of strings of even length forms a p-regular language: it may be accepted by a permutation automaton with two states in which every transition replaces one state by the other.

## Applications

The pure-group languages were the first interesting family of regular languages for which the star height problem was proved to be computable.[1][3]

Another mathematical problem on regular languages is the separating words problem, which asks for the size of a smallest deterministic finite automaton that distinguishes between two given words of length at most n – by accepting one word and rejecting the other. The known upper bound in the general case is ${\displaystyle O(n^{2/5}(\log n)^{3/5})}$.[4] The problem was later studied for the restriction to permutation automata. In this case, the known upper bound changes to ${\displaystyle O(n^{1/2})}$.[5]

## References

1. ^ a b McNaughton, Robert (August 1967), "The loop complexity of pure-group events", Information and Control, 11 (1-2): 167–176, doi:10.1016/S0019-9958(67)90481-0
2. ^ Thierrin, Gabriel (March 1968). "Permutation automata". Theory of Computing Systems. 2 (1): 83–90. doi:10.1007/BF01691347.
3. ^ Janusz A. Brzozowski: Open problems about regular languages, In: Ronald V. Book, editor, Formal language theory—Perspectives and open problems, pp. 23–47. Academic Press, 1980 (technical report version)
4. ^ Demaine, E. D.; Eisenstat, S.; Shallit, J.; Wilson, D. A. (2011). "Remarks on Separating Words". Descriptional Complexity of Formal Systems. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 6808. pp. 147–157. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22600-7_12. ISBN 978-3-642-22599-4.
5. ^ J. M. Robson (1996), "Separating words with machines and groups", RAIRO – Informatique théorique et applications, 30 (1): 81–86, retrieved 2012-07-15