Phentermine

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Phentermine
Clinical data
Trade namesAdipex-p, Duromine, Metermine, Suprenza
Other namesα-methyl-amphetamine
α,α-dimethylphenethylamine
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682187
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
Routes of
administration
Medical: oral,
Recreational: oral, insufflation, intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityHigh (almost complete)[1]
Protein bindingApproximately 96.3%
MetabolismHepatic[1]
Elimination half-life25 hours, urinary pH-dependent[1]
ExcretionUrinary (62-85% unchanged)[1]
Identifiers
  • 2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.004.112 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC10H15N
Molar mass149.233 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • NC(Cc1ccccc1)(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H15N/c1-10(2,11)8-9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-7H,8,11H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:DHHVAGZRUROJKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Phentermine, a contraction of "phenyl-tertiary-butylamine", is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class, with pharmacology similar to amphetamine. It is used medically as an appetite suppressant.

It is approved as an appetite suppressant to help reduce weight in obese patients when used short-term and combined with exercise, diet, and behavioral modification. It is typically prescribed for individuals who are at increased medical risk due to their weight.

Medical uses

Phentermine is used for the short-term treatment of obesity.[2]

Adverse effects

Generally, phentermine appears to be relatively well tolerated.[3]

Adverse effects by incidence[1][4][5][6]

Common (>1% incidence) adverse effects include:

  • Xerostomia (dry mouth)
  • Restlessness
  • Nervousness
  • Euphoria
  • Agitation
  • Arrhythmia
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Headache
  • Rash
  • Urinary frequency
  • Facial oedema
  • Unpleasant taste
  • Urticaria
  • Impotence
  • Changes in libido

Rare (<1% incidence) adverse effects include:

  • Valvular heart disease (in combination with dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine; causal relationship unclear)
  • Primary pulmonary hypertension
  • Increased seizure activity in people with epilepsy
  • Psychosis
  • Withdrawal symptoms on stopping
  • Dysphoria
  • Ischaemic events

Cautions

Phentermine use is contraindicated in those who are:[5][6]

Medicines which may interact with phentermine, such as dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, furazolidone, or MAOIs (e.g., phenelzine) are contraindicated because of the risk of serious side effects, such as increasing headache, high blood pressure, slow heart rate, elevated temperature, or possibly fatal lung problems, may be increased. Guanadrel (Hylorel) or guanethidine (Ismelin) effectiveness may be decreased by phentermine. Antacids may decrease the excretion of phentermine.[7] Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide, methazolamide) may decrease the excretion of phentermine.[7]

Mechanism of action

Phentermine has some similarity in its pharmacodynamics with its parent compound, amphetamine, as they both are TAAR1 agonists.[8] Phentermine works on the hypothalamus portion of the brain to stimulate the adrenal glands to release norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter or chemical messenger that signals a fight-or-flight response, reducing hunger. Phentermine works outside the brain, as well, to release epinephrine or adrenaline, causing fat cells to break down stored fat, but the principal basis of efficacy is hunger-reduction. At clinically relevant doses, phentermine also releases serotonin and dopamine, but to a much lesser extent than that of norepinephrine.[9]

Dosing and administration

Generally, it is recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that phentermine should be used only for short-term (usually interpreted as 'up to 12 weeks'), while following nonpharmacological approaches to weight loss such as healthy dieting and exercise.[10]

History

In 1959, phentermine first received approval from the FDA as an appetite-suppressing drug. Phentermine hydrochloride then became available in the early 1970s. It was previously sold as Fastin from King Pharmaceuticals for SmithKline Beecham, but in 1998, it was removed from the market. Medeva Pharmaceuticals sells the name brand of phentermine called Ionamin and Gate Pharmaceuticals sells it as Adipex-P. Phentermine is also currently sold as a generic. Since the drug was approved, almost no clinical studies have been performed.

Phentermine was marketed with fenfluramine as a combination appetite suppressant and fat burning agent under the popular name Fen-Phen. In 1997, after 24 cases of heart valve disease in Fen-Phen users, fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine were voluntarily taken off the market at the request of the FDA.[11] Studies later proved nearly 30% of people taking fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine had abnormal valve findings.

Phentermine is still available by itself in most countries, including the US. However, because it is similar to amphetamine, it is classified as a controlled substance in many countries. Internationally, phentermine is a schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[12] In the United States, it is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. In contrast, amphetamine preparations are classified as Schedule II controlled substances.

Phentermine is being studied in combination with other medications for obesity. The first such combination is the appetite suppressant phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia formerly Qnexa). In 2012, the FDA approved its sale in the United States.[13]

Trade names

Chemistry

  1. Benzaldehyde and 2-nitropropane are cross-reacted in a variant of the Henry reaction
  2. The nitro group is reduced with hydrogen gas over Raney nickel catalyst.
  3. The hydroxyl group is chlorinated with thionyl chloride to yield 2-amino-1-chloro-2-methyl-1-phenylpropane.
  4. This is reduced with hydrogen gas over a palladium on magnesium glycinate catalyst to yield the product, phentermine.[14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "METERMINE (Phentermine)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. iNova Pharmaceuticals (Australia) Pty Limited. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  2. ^ "phentermine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  3. ^ Nelson DL, Gehlert DR (February 2006). "Central nervous system biogenic amine targets for control of appetite and energy expenditure". Endocrine. 29 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1385/ENDO:29:1:149. PMID 16622292.
  4. ^ "ADIPEX-P (phentermine hydrochloride) tablet ADIPEX-P (phentermine hydrochloride) capsule [Teva Select Brands]". DailyMed. Teva Select Brands. April 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  5. ^ a b Template:Cite isbn
  6. ^ a b "phentermine (Rx) - Adipex P, Suprenza". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Phentermine". Merck & Co., Inc. 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
  8. ^ Barak LS, Salahpour A, Zhang X, Masri B, Sotnikova TD, Ramsey AJ, Violin JD, Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR (September 2008). "Pharmacological characterization of membrane-expressed human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) by a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer cAMP biosensor". Mol. Pharmacol. 74 (3): 585–94. doi:10.1124/mol.108.048884. PMC 3766527. PMID 18524885. we confirmed agonistic activity at human TAAR1 of several other compounds, including the trace amines octopamine and tryptamine, the amphetamine derivatives l-amphetamine, d-methamphetamine, (�)-MDMA, and phentermine, and the catecholamine metabolites 3-MT and 4-MT (Bunzow et al., 2001; Lindemann and Hoener, 2005; Reese et al., 2007; Wainscott et al., 2007; Wolinsky et al., 2007; Xie and Miller, 2007; Xie et al., 2007). {{cite journal}}: replacement character in |quote= at position 193 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Rothman RB, Baumann MH, Dersch CM; et al. (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they dopamine and serotonin". Synapse. 39 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:1<32::AID-SYN5>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 11071707. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "HEALTH ADVISORY ON FENFLURAMINE/PHENTERMINE FOR OBESITY". Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  11. ^ "FDA Announces Withdrawal Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine (Fen-Phen)". Fda.gov. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  12. ^ Convention on Psychotropic Substances (PDF file)
  13. ^ "FDA approves weight-management drug Qsymia". FDA. 17 July 2012.
  14. ^ U.S. patent 2,408,345
  15. ^ U.S. patent 2,590,079

External links