Pomelo
| Pomelo | |
|---|---|
| |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Rutaceae |
| Genus: | Citrus |
| Species: | C. maxima
|
| Binomial name | |
| Citrus maxima | |
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The pomelo, pummelo, or in scientific terms Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis, is the largest citrus fruit from the family Rutaceae and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit.[1] It is a natural, i.e., non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia.[1] Similar in taste to a large, sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia.
Etymology[edit]
The etymology of the word "pomelo" derived from Dutch pompelmoes, which is rendered Pampelmuse in German.[1] Its botanical name, Citrus maxima, means "biggest citrus". In English, the word "pomelo" (also spelled pomello, pummelo, pommelo, pumelo) has become the more common name, although "pomelo" has historically been used for grapefruit. (The 1973 printing of the American Heritage Dictionary, for example, gives grapefruit as the only meaning of "pomelo.")[citation needed]
After a captain Shaddock of an East India Company ship introduced it to Barbados, the fruit was called "shaddock" in English.[2][3] From there the name spread to Jamaica in 1696.[4] It remains a common name for the fruit among English authors.[5] The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia.[1]
Description and uses[edit]
The pomelo tree may be 16–50 ft (5–15 m) tall, possibly with a crooked trunk 4–12 in (10–30 cm) thick, and low-hanging, irregular branches.[1] Leaf petioles are distinctly winged, with alternate, ovate or elliptic shapes 2–8 in (5–20 cm) long, with a leathery, dull green upper finish, and hairy lower leaf.[1] The flowers — single or in clusters — are fragrant and yellow-white in color.[1]
The pomelo is a large citrus fruit, 6–10 in (15–25 cm) in diameter,[6] usually weighing 2–4 lb (1–2 kg). It has a thicker rind than a grapefruit.[1] Containing 11–18 segments, the flesh tastes like a mild grapefruit, which is believed to be a hybrid of Citrus maxima and the orange).[1][7] The flesh has little of the common grapefruit bitterness. The enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded.[1] There are two varieties: a sweet kind with white flesh, and a sour kind with pinkish flesh, the latter more likely to be used in a ceremony, rather than eaten.[1] The fruit generally contains few, relatively large seeds, but some varieties have numerous seeds.[1]
The juice is regarded as delicious, and the rind is used to make preserves or may be candied.[1] In Brazil, the thick skin may be used for making a sweet conserve, while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded. In Sri Lanka, it is often eaten as a dessert, either raw or sprinkled with sugar. In large parts of Southeast Asia where pomelo is native, it is a common dessert, often eaten raw and sprinkled with, or dipped in, a salt mixture. It is eaten in salads.[1] In the Philippines, the juice is mixed with pineapple and made into a pink beverage.[8]
The fruit may have been introduced to China around 100 BC.[1] In East Asia, especially in Cantonese cuisine, braised pomelo pith is used to create dishes that are high in fibre and nutritional value and low in fat.[9]
Propagation and genetic diversity[edit]
The seeds of the pomelo are monoembryonic, producing seedlings with genes from both parents, but they are usually similar to the tree they grow on and therefore pomelo is typically grown from seed in Asia.[1] Seeds can be stored for 80 days at 41 °F (5 °C) and with moderate relative humidity.[1] Citrus maxima is usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks outside Asia to produce trees that are identical to the parent; high-quality varieties are propagated by air-layering or by budding onto favored rootstocks.[1]
A wide variability in the physical and chemical characteristics of pomelo occurs across South Asia.[1]
Varieties[edit]
Non-hybrid pomelos[edit]
Possible non-hybrid pomelos[edit]
Hybrids[edit]
The pomelo is one of the original citrus species from which the rest of cultivated citrus have been hybridized, (others being citron, mandarin, and to a lesser extent, papedas and kumquat). In particular, the common orange and the grapefruit are presumed to be naturally occurring hybrids between the pomelo and the mandarin, with the pomelo providing the larger size and greater firmness.[citation needed]
The pomelo is employed today in artificial breeding programs:
- The common sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid
- The bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium) is another pomelo × mandarin hybrid
- The tangelo is a hybrid between pomelo or grapefruit and any tangerine; it generally has a thicker skin than a tangerine and is less sweet
- 'K–Early' ('Sunrise Tangelo')[10]
- 'Minneola tangelo': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine[10]
- 'Orlando' (formerly 'Take'): Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine (pollen parent)[10]
- 'Seminole': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine[10]
- 'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified[10]
- 'Ugli fruit' (Jamaican tangelo): mandarin × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)[10]
- Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross: pomelo × sweet orange (see above)
- 'Nova': Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross[10]
- The Oroblanco and Melogold grapefruits are hybrids between Citrus maxima and the grapefruit
- Mandelos: pomelo × mandarin
- Hyuganatsu is a pomelo hybrid
Nutrition[edit]
 Flesh of a pomelo | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 159 kJ (38 kcal) |
9.62 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 1 g |
0.04 g | |
0.76 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 3% 0.034 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 2% 0.027 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 1% 0.22 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.036 mg |
| Vitamin C | 73% 61 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Iron | 1% 0.11 mg |
| Magnesium | 2% 6 mg |
| Manganese | 1% 0.017 mg |
| Phosphorus | 2% 17 mg |
| Potassium | 5% 216 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 1 mg |
| Zinc | 1% 0.08 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 89 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central | |
Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). A 100 gram reference amount provides 38 calories, and is rich in vitamin C (73% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content.[citation needed]
Potential for drug interaction[edit]
As a species of citrus, pomelo may cause adverse effects, similar to those caused by grapefruit, through the inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of prescription drugs such as anti-hypertensives and anticoagulants.[11]
Gallery[edit]
Flowering and fruiting branch with numbered fruit segment and flower section, chromolithograph by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885, after B. Hoola van Nooten
This white hybrid Pomelo is cushioned with a thick mesocarp layer
Pomelos
Pomelo after being cut
Pink pomelo juice vesicles
Pomelo blossom
Pomelo on tree, has fruit and blossoms at the same time
Fujian's Pinghe County is famous in China for its pomelos
Pomelo orchard
Pink pomelo
Pomelo seedling
Closeup of pomelo petiole
Ipoh pomelos on sale at Chinatown, Singapore
Tam som-o nam pu: spicy Thai pomelo salad with crab extract
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References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Pummelo: Citrus maxima". Fruits of warm climates. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 147–151. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via purdue.edu.
- ^ "Pomelo (Pummelo) Citrus maxima". Citruspages.free.fr. 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ "fruitInfo-trdLevel2021.html". Itfnet.org. 2008-06-12. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary, 1973.
- ^ "Shaddock". Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
- ^ "Pomelo: Growing the granddaddy of grapefruit", SFGate.com, December 25, 2004
- ^ Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Grapefruit: Citrus paradisi". Fruits of warm climates. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 152–158. Retrieved 31 January 2020 – via purdue.edu.
- ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1970). Tropical Trees of the Pacific. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 51.
- ^ "Braised pomelo pith". Week in China. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Tangelo". Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL.: Julia F. Morton. pp. 158–160. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
- ^ Bailey, D. G.; Dresser, G.; Arnold, J. M. O. (2012-11-26). "Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences?". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120951. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 3589309. PMID 23184849.
