Pontianak Malay
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| Pontianak Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahase Melayu Pontianak بهاس ملايو ڤونتيانق | |
| Pronunciation | [baˈha.sə mə.la.ju pon.ti.ˈa.naʔ] |
| Native to | Indonesia (West Kalimantan) |
| Region | Pontianak, Kubu Raya and Mempawah |
| Ethnicity | Pontianak Malays |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 280,000)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | (covered by zlm) |
zlm-rit | |
| Glottolog | None |
 Regencies and cities in West Kalimantan where Pontianak Malay is spoken by the majority of the population | |
Pontianak Malay (Pontianak Malay: Bahase Melayu Pontianak, Jawi: بهاس ملايو ڤونتيانق) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people in Pontianak and the surrounding areas in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is also widely spoken in neighboring regencies, including Kubu Raya and Mempawah, both of which were historically part of the now-dissolved Pontianak Regency.[2] Pontianak Malay was also the primary language of the Pontianak Sultanate, a Malay state that once governed the area now known as Pontianak.[3] In these regions, Pontianak Malay is not limited to being spoken exclusively by the Malay community. It functions as a lingua franca alongside standard Indonesian, enabling communication among the diverse ethnic groups in the area. However, the use of Pontianak Malay faces a slight threat as many speakers are gradually shifting to Indonesian, the national language.[4]
Pontianak Malay is more closely related to the Malay dialects spoken in Peninsular Malaysia and the Riau Islands than to other Bornean Malay dialects, such as Sambas Malay, or Sarawak Malay, spoken in Sarawak, Malaysia.[5] Elements from Johor–Riau Malay, Chinese, Banjarese, standard Indonesian, and various Dayak languages as well as many localism can be seen in the language, reflecting the various ethnic origins residing in the city.[6] Although Pontianak is relatively homogeneous, some regional dialects are notable. The Malay varieties spoken in Pontianak, Kubu Raya, and Mempawah differ slightly from each other, especially in terms of vocabulary and phonology.[6]
Classification
[edit]Pontianak Malay is one of the two major varieties of Malayic languages spoken in West Kalimantan, the other being Sambas Malay.[7] Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[8]
Pontianak Malay shows more similarity with Johor-Riau Malay spoken in Peninsular Malaysia and the Riau Islands as compared to other Malay dialects spoken in Borneo such as Sambas Malay, Sarawak Malay and Brunei Malay.[5] Along with Berau Malay, Banjarese, and Kutainese, these languages are often classified as Coastal Borneo languages.[9] The differences with Pontianak Malay and Sambas Malay mostly lies in vocabulary and phonology. For example, the differences between Pontianak Malay and Sambas Malay are particularly evident when comparing the two vowels /e/, which are pronounced differently by speakers of Sambas Malay and Pontianak Malay. In the same syllable position, the vowel /e/ in Pontianak Malay is pronounced as [ə], while in Sambas Malay, it is pronounced as [e].[10]
Geographical distribution and usage
[edit]Pontianak Malay is spoken in the lower Kapuas River Valley, where its waters flow into the South China Sea. Based on the flow of the Kapuas River Valley, the upstream geography of Pontianak Malay speakers borders the Tayan Malay and Sanggau Malay languages. Meanwhile, on the western coastal area of Borneo, Pontianak Malay borders the Sambas Malay language. In the administrative context of West Kalimantan, the distribution of Pontianak Malay is also quite extensive. Administratively, Pontianak Malay is spoken in three regencies/cities: Mempawah, Kubu Raya, and the city of Pontianak. In these three administrative regions, speakers use Pontianak Malay as a lingua franca in competition with Indonesian.[2]
In daily interactions, the majority of Pontianak’s residents use Malay. For the Malay people of Pontianak, Pontianak Malay is viewed as an expression of self-identity, a source of pride, and a vital means of preserving local culture and heritage.[11][12] Interestingly, almost all inhabitants of Pontianak, regardless of their ethnic background—such as Javanese, Dayak, Madurese, Bugis, other migrant ethnic groups, and even the Malay community itself—use Pontianak Malay in their daily interactions.[13] Like other regional languages in Indonesia, Pontianak Malay is generally regarded as an informal language, primarily used in casual or semi-formal settings such as family gatherings, with friends, or in the marketplace. In contrast, Indonesian is typically used in official or formal contexts, such as in offices and schools.[14] Code-switching and code-mixing between Pontianak Malay, standard Indonesian and other regional languages are common.[15]
While the use of Pontianak Malay is not yet under significant threat, many traditional Pontianak Malay terms are being abandoned by its speakers and replaced with Indonesian terms, particularly among the younger generation.[15] In response, efforts are being made to preserve and promote the use of Pontianak Malay. For instance, the Pontianak city government frequently promotes pantun, a traditional Malay poetic form, on their social media platforms.[16] Furthermore, in 2020, Pontianak Malay was officially recognized as an "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Indonesia" (Warisan Budaya Tak Benda; WBTB), with registration number 202001197.[17][18][19]
Phonology
[edit]Pontianak Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Pontianak Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography, especially the system created by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
The pronunciation system in Pontianak Malay stresses the usage of the /ə/, which makes it more similar to Johor–Riau Malay compared to other Coastal Bornean Malay dialects and the standard Indonesian language. Another notable feature of the accent is the voiced velar fricative in pronouncing the letter R which similarly used in Sarawakian Malay. In addition, the spoken interjection of Bah is widely used in Pontianak Malay , corresponding to the usage of language observed throughout coastal Borneo.[20]
Vowels
[edit]Pontianak Malay features six vowels: /i, e, ə, a, o, u/. Like Johor-Riau Malay, Pontianak Malay is classified as a "schwa-variety" language, characterized by the occurrence of the phonetic schwa [ə] as an allophone of /a/ in word-final open syllables.[21][22]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Notes:
Consonants
[edit]Pontianak Malay features nineteen primary consonants: /p, t, t͡ʃ, k, ʔ, b, d, d͡ʒ, g, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, s, h, ɣ, l, w, j/. Additionally, there are also six additional consonants—/f, ɕ, x, v, z, r/—which appear in borrowed words from Arabic and Indonesian. Unlike many other Malay varieties, Pontianak Malay lacks a trill /r/ as a primary consonant. Instead, it employs a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ in all positions where /r/ is typically expected. At the end of a word, a glottal stop /ʔ/ may replace /r/.[22]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | ||||
| voiced | ɣ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
Notes:
- In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:
Diphthongs
[edit]In Pontianak Malay, there are only two known diphthongs: /au/ and /ai/, which are pronounced as [aw], and [ay], respectively.[2] Examples of the usage of these diphthongs are shown below:
- /au/: /məɣantaw/ 'to migrate'
- /ai/: /suŋay/: 'river'
Grammar
[edit]Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Pontianak Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Pontianak Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.
Affixes
[edit]Affixation, the process of adding affixes, involves attaching an affix to a base word, whether the base is simple or complex, to form a new word. In Pontianak Malay, there are several types of affixes, including prefixes, suffixes, and circumfixes.[23]
The table below presents some examples of affixes used in Pontianak Malay, along with their meanings and examples:
| Type of affixes | Affixes | Meanings | Example of root word | Example of derived word |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefixes[23] | bə- | This prefix functions to form verbs from other words that are not verbs. If the base form is a noun, it means possessing what is referred to in the base form or performing an action related to what is mentioned in the base form. If the base form is a numeral, it signifies a group consisting of the quantity indicated in the base form. However, if the base form is the numeral satu 'one', it does not imply 'a group' but rather 'to become.'[24] | duwit 'money' | beduwit 'to have money' |
| di- | This prefix serves to form passive verbs and conveys a single meaning: indicating that something undergoes or receives an effect. The entity being referred to occupies the subject position in the sentence.[25] | curi 'to steal' | dicuri 'was stolen' | |
| tə- | This prefix functions to form passive verbs. If the base form is a verb, it signifies the perfective aspect (the result of an action), denotes unintentionality or suddenness, or conveys the meaning of 'can be [verb]-ed.'[26] | buang 'to throw' | tebuang 'to be thrown by accident' | |
| pə- | This prefix functions to form nouns from base adjectives. The meaning of this prefix is influenced by the word class of the base form. If the base form is a verb, it signifies the agent of the action described in the base form or the tool used to carry out the action. If the base form is an adjective, it indicates possessing the quality described in the base form or causing the quality to exist. If the base form is a noun, it refers to a singular entity, typically the one who performs the action related to the object described in the base form.[27] | pimpin 'to lead' | pemimpin 'leader' | |
| sə- | This prefix functions to form quantitative expressions from base words that are nouns. Its meaning depends on the word class of the base form. If the base form is a noun, it can signify one, the whole, or resemble. If the base form is an adjective, it conveys the meaning of being the same as or resembling.[25] | dunia 'world' | sedunia 'the whole world' | |
| kə- | This prefix serves to convert adjectives into nouns, though its use is quite limited.[25] | tue 'old' | ketue 'chief' | |
| Suffixes[28] | -an | The meaning of this suffix varies depending on the word class of the base form. If the base form is a verb, it denotes an object related to the action or activity described in the base form. If the base form is a noun, it indicates something that possesses the characteristic or state mentioned in the base form.[29] | minum 'to drink' | minuman 'drinks' |
| -iʔ | This suffix is a verb-forming suffix that conveys a command or instruction.[29] | tanam 'plant' | tanami 'plant it' | |
| Circumfixes[30] | kə-...-an | This circumfix has a dual meaning: it can indicate experiencing what is described by the base form, or it can express intensity. Another, less common meaning of this circumfix is to denote abstraction.[31] | kuat 'strong' | kekuatan 'strength' |
| pə-...-an | The meaning of this circumfix is determined by the word class of the base form. If the base form is a verb, it denotes the act of performing an action or activity described in the base word. If the base form is an adjective, it indicates the cause of the characteristic or quality described in the base form.[31] | lebar 'wide' | pelebaran 'expansion (of wide)' | |
| di-...-iʔ | This circumfix is used to form passive verbs. It has several meanings: it indicates that the action is performed repeatedly, that something is given, or that something is received as described by the base form.[32] | panas 'hot' | dipanasik 'to be heated' | |
| di-...-kan | This circumfix has the same meaning with the di-...-iʔ circumfix.[32] | lapis 'layer' | dilapiskan 'to be layered' |
Reduplication
[edit]In Pontianak Malay, word reduplication serves only an inflectional function, such as forming plurals, indicating frequentative actions, or adding emphasis. Reduplication does not change the word class of the base form. For instance, if the reduplicated form is a noun, the base form is also a noun, and vice versa.[32] The meaning of reduplication depends on the word class of the root word.
If the base form is a noun, its reduplication conveys the meaning of "plurality" or adds emphasis.[33] For example:
- budak-budak 'many children'
- gunong-gunong 'mountains'
- tulang-tulang dimakan 'even the bones are being eaten'
- beling-beling ditinjak 'even he dares to step on the glass'
If the base form is a verb, reduplication indicates that the action is performed leisurely and over an extended period.[33] For example:
- makan-makan 'to eat together for a while'
- minom-minom 'to drink together for a while'
- duduk-duduk 'to sit together for a while'
If the base form is an adjective, reduplication conveys that the objects possessing the described quality are numerous.[33] For example:
- kecik-kecik 'many small things'
- cantik-cantik 'many pretty things'
- besak-besak 'many big things'
When combined with the circumfix sə-...-ɲa, reduplication conveys the meaning of although or even though. In this context, the circumfix sə-...-ɲa serves to indicate comparison.[33] Another meaning of reduplication combined with affixes is to express indication or emphasis. This can highlight a particular quality, state, or action depending on the affix and the base form.[34] For example:
- sejahat-jahatnye abang kite masih gamok nguros kite 'although he is cruel, our older brother still wants to take care of us'
- sekurang-kurangnye masih sampai sebulan 'although it is bad at least it will last for a month'
- tegile-gile 'to be crazy about'
- maok-maokan 'really want'
Nouns
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Pontianak Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Asfar, Dedy Ari (2019-07-05). "Ciri-Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Berbasis Korpus Lagu Balek Kampong". tuahtalino. 13 (1): 1–13. doi:10.26499/tt.v13i1.1474. ISSN 2685-3043.
- ^ Arief, Hikmah Arliyani (2015). Deskripsi Bunyi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Pontianak (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Airlangga University.
- ^ Martina (2017). "The Vitality of Malay Language in Global Society in Pontianak City (Sociolinguistic Study)" (PDF). Proceedings Language Maintenance and Shift (LAMAS) 7. Pontianak: Master Program in Linguistics, Diponegoro University: 379–387. eISSN 2540-8755. ISSN 2088-6799.
- ^ a b Adelaar, K. Alexander; Prentice, D.J.; Grijns, C.D.; Steinhauer, H.; Engelenhoven, A. van (1996-12-31), Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.), "Malay: its history, role and spread", Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 673–694, doi:10.1515/9783110819724.2.673, ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9, retrieved 2024-12-27
- ^ a b Patriantoro, Patriantoro (2012). "Dialektologi Bahasa Melayu di Pesisir Kabupaten Pontianak". Widyaparwa. 40 (2): 29–38. doi:10.26499/wdprw.v40i2.56. ISSN 2528-1089.
- ^ Rusnalasari, Zulidiana D.; Alfath, Tahegga Primananda; Wasil, Muhammad; Ade, Reswanda T.; Arumsari, Andini Dwi; Wardhana, Rony (2019-10-16). ICBLP 2019: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business, Law And Pedagogy, ICBLP 2019, 13-15 February 2019, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. European Alliance for Innovation. p. 536. ISBN 978-1-63190-199-7.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Jaludin, Haji Chuchu (2003). Dialek Melayu Brunei dalam salasilah Bahasa Melayu purba. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-942-607-6.
- ^ Indriani, Wiwin (3 June 2024). "Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak dengan Varian Melayu Lainnya" (in Indonesian). Radio Republik Indonesia.
- ^ Damayanti, Wahyu; Martina; Syamsurizal; Musfeptial; Febrianti, Binar Kurniasari (2022), Haristiani, Nuria; Yulianeta, Yulianeta; Wirza, Yanty; Gunawan, Wawan (eds.), "Tracing the Meaning of Self-Existence Through the Use of Pontianak Malay Language on Social Media", Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language, Literature, Culture, and Education (ICOLLITE 2022), Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, pp. 624–630, doi:10.2991/978-2-494069-91-6_96, ISBN 978-2-494069-90-9, retrieved 2024-12-27
- ^ Hariadi, Try (2016-08-13). "Penggunaan Bahasa Melayu Pontianak dalam Pergaulan Sehari-hari". Proceedings of International Seminar Prasasti III: Current Research in Linguistics (in Indonesian): 833–838. doi:10.20961/pras.v0i0.1692.
- ^ Efendi, Zakaria (2021-12-31). "Sejarah Dakwah Sultan Syarif Abdurrahman Al-Qadri: Islamisasi di Pontianak". Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan. 19 (2): 347–388. doi:10.31291/jlka.v19i2.914. ISSN 2620-522X.
- ^ NFN, Martina (2018). "Strategi Komunikasi Masyarakat Urban dalam Adaptasi di Kota Pontianak". Kibas Cenderawasih. 15 (1): 101–116. ISSN 2656-0607.
- ^ a b Novianti, Evi; Irmayani, N. F. N. (2016-09-02). "Menatapi Senyom Simpol; Campur Kode Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Ragam Tulis di Media Massa". tuahtalino. 10 (1): 115–127. doi:10.26499/tt.v10i1.1513. ISSN 2685-3043.
- ^ Suryamaulana, Muhammad Kevin; Setiawati, Sri Dewi (2024-10-31). "Strategi Konten Budaya Pantun Khas Kalimantan Pada Media Sosial Instagram Diskominfo Kota Pontianak". ARRUS Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 4 (5): 593–593. doi:10.35877/soshum2931. ISSN 2807-3010.
- ^ "Bahasa Melayu Pontianak". Warisan Budaya Takbenda (in Indonesian). Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ Ibrahim, Jemi (9 October 2020). "Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Ditetapkan sebagai WBTB". Pemerintah Kota Pontianak (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Darsani, Hamdan (9 October 2020). Musliadi, Rivaldi Ade (ed.). "Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Ditetapkan Sebagai Warisan Budaya Tak Benda". Tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Sulistyo, Nikodemus Yudho (2013-05-01). "Partikel Penegas dalam Bahasa Melayu Dengan Pengaruh Aksen dan Dialek China/Tionghoa". KOMPASIANA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-12-27.
- ^ Omar, Asmah Haji (1991). The Phonological Diversity of the Malay Dialects (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-983-62-1827-8.
- ^ a b Inagaki, Kazuya (2020). "Word stress in Pontianak Malay". NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Languages in and around Indonesia. 68: 121–137. doi:10.15026/94896.
- ^ a b Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 13.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 44.
- ^ a b c Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 46.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 45.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 47.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 14.
- ^ a b Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 49.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 16.
- ^ a b Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 50.
- ^ a b c Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 52.
- ^ Kamal et. al. 1986, p. 53.
Bibliography
[edit]- Mecer, A.R.; Azharie, Arief; Petemus, Hanye; Lansau, D. (1983). Kedudukan dan fungsi bahasa Melayu Pontianak [The Position and Function of the Pontianak Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
- Kamal, Mustafa; G.H., Tri Manomo; Raz, Asmadi M.T.; Ulfah, Maria (1986). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Pontianak [Morphology and Syntax of the Pontianak Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.
- Martina; Novianti, Evi; Damayanti, Wahyu (2005). Interferensi Dialek Melayu Pontianak Terhadap Bahasa Indonesia [The Interference of the Pontianak Malay dialect on Indonesian] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Pontianak: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-685-573-9.
- Astar, Hidayatul (2002). Kosakata Dasar Swadesh di Kotamadya Pontianak dan Kabupaten Pontianak [Swadesh list of Basic Vocabulary in Pontianak City and Pontianak Regency] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979 685 2160.