Portal:American Civil War

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The American Civil War Portal

Engagement between the Monitor and the Merrimac on March 9, 1862

The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a sectional rebellion against the United States of America by the Confederate States, formed of eleven southern states' governments which moved to secede from the Union after the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. The Union's victory was eventually achieved by leveraging advantages in population, manufacturing and logistics and through a strategic naval blockade denying the Confederacy access to the world's markets.

In many ways, the conflict's central issues – the enslavement of African Americans, the role of constitutional federal government, and the rights of states – are still not completely resolved. Not surprisingly, the Confederate army's surrender at Appomattox on April 9,1865 did little to change many Americans' attitudes toward the potential powers of central government. The passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution in the years immediately following the war did not change the racial prejudice prevalent among Americans of the day; and the process of Reconstruction did not heal the deeply personal wounds inflicted by four brutal years of war and more than 970,000 casualties – 3 percent of the population, including approximately 560,000 deaths. As a result, controversies affected by the war's unresolved social, political, economic and racial tensions continue to shape contemporary American thought. The causes of the war, the reasons for the outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of much discussion even today. (Full article)

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Battery White earthworks. Winyah Bay is out of the photo to the left.

Battery White was an artillery battery constructed by the Confederates during the American Civil War. Built in 1862–63 to defend Winyah Bay on the South Carolina coast, the battery was strongly situated and constructed; however, it was inadequately manned, and was captured without resistance during the final months of the war.

The battery is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is located on private land, but is open to the public. (Full article...)

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Grand Parade of the States

Kentucky was a southern border state of key importance in the American Civil War. It officially declared its neutrality at the beginning of the war, but after a failed attempt by Confederate General Leonidas Polk to take the state of Kentucky for the Confederacy, the legislature petitioned the Union Army for assistance. Though the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky early in the war, after early 1862 Kentucky came largely under U.S. control. In the historiography of the Civil War, Kentucky is treated primarily as a southern border state, with special attention to the social divisions during the secession crisis, invasions and raids, internal violence, sporadic guerrilla warfare, federal-state relations, the ending of slavery, and the return of Confederate veterans.

Kentucky was the site of several fierce battles, including Mill Springs and Perryville. It was the arena to such military leaders as Ulysses S. Grant on the Union side, who first encountered serious Confederate gunfire coming from Columbus, Kentucky, and Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest proved to be a scourge to the Union Army in western Kentucky, even making an attack on Paducah. Kentuckian John Hunt Morgan further challenged Union control, as he conducted numerous cavalry raids through the state. (Full article...)

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Garfield in 1881

James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his assassination in September that year. A preacher, lawyer, and Civil War general, Garfield served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives and is the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before his candidacy for the presidency, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly—a position he declined when he became president-elect.

Garfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in northeastern Ohio. After graduating from Williams College in 1856, he studied law and became an attorney. He was a preacher in the Stone–Campbell Movement and president of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, affiliated with the Disciples. Garfield was elected as a Republican member of the Ohio State Senate in 1859, serving until 1861. He opposed Confederate secession, was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th district. Throughout his congressional service, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed with Radical Republican views on Reconstruction but later favored a Moderate Republican–aligned approach to civil rights enforcement for freedmen. Garfield's aptitude for mathematics extended to his own proof of the Pythagorean theorem, which he published in 1876. (Full article...)

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Image 1Pickett's Charge, by Thure de Thulstrup
Image 2Charles Pomeroy Stone
Image 3Christian Fleetwood
Image 4John A. Dahlgren, by Mathew Brady
Image 5The print version of Sherman in South Carolina: The burning of McPhersonville at McPhersonville, South Carolina, by William Waud
Image 6Ambrose Burnside, by Matthew Brady
Image 7Abner Doubleday
Image 8Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Image 9Confederate casualties at Chancellorsville during the American Civil War, by the National Archives and Records Administration
Image 10The original sketch of Sherman in South Carolina: The burning of McPhersonville, at and by William Waud
Image 11United States President (and former Brigadier-General) Benjamin Harrison
Image 12Abraham Lincoln's private secretary and biographer John Hay
Image 13Battle of Harpers Ferry, by Robert Knox Sneden
Image 14Quaker guns, by George Barnard and James F. Gibson
Image 15Andersonville Prison at Andersonville National Historic Site, by John L. Ransom
Image 16John Lorimer Worden, by Mathew Brady
Image 17Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers
Image 18African-American Civil War soldiers
Image 19President Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th President of the USA
Image 20Atlanta roundhouse ruin at History of Atlanta, by George Barnard
Image 21Ulysses S. Grant, by Thure de Thulstrup
Image 22Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, by Alfred Waud
Image 23Daniel McCallum, by the Brady National Photographic Art Gallery
Image 24Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, by Thure de Thulstrup
Image 25William Birney
Image 26John F. Reynolds, by Alfred Rudolph Waud
Image 27George Atzerodt, by Alexander Gardner
Image 28Harriet Tubman
Image 29Military execution of the conspirators in the Abraham Lincoln assassination
Image 30Robert E. Lee, by Levin Corbin Handy
Image 31First Battle of Bull Run map
Image 32Battle of Fort Sanders, by Kurz and Allison
Image 33David Dixon Porter, by Mathew Brady
Image 34Allan Pinkerton, President Lincoln, and John A. McClernand in 1862 by Alexander Gardner
Image 35Richmond, Virginia after the American Civil War
Image 36Braxton Bragg
Image 37George Armstrong Custer, by George L. Andrews
Image 38Siege of Yorktown, by James F. Gibson
Image 39Francis B. Spinola, Brigadier General for the Union in the American Civil War, and Congressman from New York
Image 40The Chickahominy – Sumner's Upper Bridge at Peninsula campaign, by William McIlvaine
Image 41Charles Griffin
Image 42The burning of Columbia at Columbia, South Carolina in the American Civil War, by William Waud
Image 43William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State during the American Civil War
Image 44Lithographic facsimile of the Bixby letter, by Huber's Museum
Image 45Andersonville survivor
Image 46Battle of Franklin, by Kurz and Allison

Did you know...

... that after the Little Rock campaign, Union forces held three-quarters of Arkansas?
... that the only functioning secondary school in Mississippi during the American Civil War was founded by Thomas S. Gathright?
... that at the Battle of La Haye-du-Puits in July 1944, a Confederate flag dating to the American Civil War was raised over the town?
... that Romeo and Juliet both served in the Union Navy?
... that some Confederate bullets were sourced from a silver mine?
... that some historians believe that Steele's Greenville expedition marked a shift in the Union's war policy?