Portal:Law

The Law Portal Lady Justice, often used as a personification of the law, holding a sword in one hand and scales in the other. Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or established by judges through precedent, usually in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative ways of resolving disputes to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges may make binding case law through precedent, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, religious law has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities. Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia. The scope of law can be divided into two domains. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law. This distinction is stronger in civil law countries, particularly those with a separate system of administrative courts; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in common law jurisdictions. (Full article...) Selected article Wife selling in England was a way of ending an unsatisfactory marriage that probably began in the late 17th century, when divorce was a practical impossibility for all but the very wealthiest. After parading his wife with a halter around her neck, arm, or waist, a husband would publicly auction her to the highest bidder. Wife selling provides the backdrop for Thomas Hardy's 1886 novel The Mayor of Casterbridge, in which the central character sells his wife at the beginning of the story, an act that haunts him for the rest of his life, and ultimately destroys him. Although the custom had no basis in law and frequently resulted in prosecution, particularly from the mid-19th century onwards, the attitude of the authorities was equivocal. At least one early 19th-century magistrate is on record as stating that he did not believe he had the right to prevent wife sales, and there were cases of local Poor Law Commissioners forcing husbands to sell their wives, rather than having to maintain the family in workhouses. Wife selling persisted in England in some form until the early 20th century; according to the jurist and historian James Bryce, writing in 1901, wife sales were still occasionally taking place during his time. In one of the last reported instances of a wife sale in England, a woman giving evidence in a Leeds police court in 1913 claimed that she had been sold to one of her husband's workmates for £1. (Full article...) Selected biography Scipio Africanus Jones (August 3, 1863 – March 2, 1943) was an American educator, lawyer, judge, philanthropist, and Republican politician from the state of Arkansas. He was most known for having guided the appeals of the twelve African-American men condemned to death after the Elaine Massacre of October 1919. More than one hundred African Americans were indicted in the aftermath of the riot, although an estimated one hundred to two hundred Black Americans were killed in the county, along with five whites. No whites were prosecuted by the state. The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which in Moore v. Dempsey (1923) set a precedent of reviewing the conduct of state criminal trials against the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Born into slavery in Smith Township near Tulip in Dallas County in south Arkansas, Jones became a successful and powerful businessman. Jones was the first lawyer in Arkansas to raise the question that African Americans had not been permitted to serve on grand juries and petit juries. In 1915, Jones broke a color barrier when he was appointed to serve as acting judge of the Little Rock police court, presiding over a case in which all the parties were blacks, as were the witnesses and attorneys except the city attorney, who supported having a Negro judge preside at this particular trial. Jones also represented Negro Shriners as part of a successful defense against efforts to keep them from using the name and paraphernalia of the Shriners organization. (Full article...) Selected statute A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs the legal entities of a city, state, or country by way of consent. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare policy. Statutes are rules made by legislative bodies; they are distinguished from case law or precedent, which is decided by courts, and regulations issued by government agencies. (Full article...) The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is a national law of China that serves as the organic law for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Comprising nine chapters, 160 articles and three annexes, the Basic Law was composed to implement Annex I of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The Basic Law was enacted under the Constitution of China when it was adopted by the National People's Congress on 4 April 1990 and came into effect on 1 July 1997 when Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to China. It replaced Hong Kong's colonial constitution of the Letters Patent and the Royal Instructions. (Full article...) Did you know... ... that the Digital Switchover (Disclosure of Information) Act 2007 allows social security information to be passed to the BBC? ... that after the crash of United Airlines Flight 297 in 1962, the Federal Aviation Administration created new regulations that required airplanes to better withstand bird strikes? ... that in Re A (conjoined twins) an English court permitted the separation of two conjoined twins knowing that one would die? ... that although Elizabeth Richards Tilton (pictured) was a central figure in a six-month-long trial, she was never allowed to speak in court? ... that under modern principles of vicarious liability in English law, employers are answerable for the intentional wrongdoings of their employees? ... that although John Fortescue listed ten Inns of Chancery, only nine are known? ... that oppositionist delegates to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 were among the first to be arrested when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines? Selected images The first Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Chief Justice John Marshall (1755 – 1835), an American statesman and jurist who greatly influenced constitutional law' Signing of the Magna Carta Statue of Lady Justice holding scales A courtroom in Tokyo, Japan King Hammurabi receiving the code of laws from the Mesopotamian sun god Shamash The defendants sitting in the dock during the Nuremberg Trials Legal systems of the world Emperor Justinian I (527–565) of the Byzantine Empire who ordered the codification of Corpus Juris Civilis. The Langdell Library of Harvard Law School Jawaharlal Nehru at the Allahabad High Court The Constitution of India Jeremy Bentham's writings influenced law for generations. Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States as of October 2020 Painting of a jury deliberating Selected case Case law, also used interchangeably with common law, is law that is based on precedents, that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations. Case law uses the detailed facts of a legal case that have been resolved by courts or similar tribunals. These past decisions are called "case law", or precedent. Stare decisis—a Latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"—is the principle by which judges are bound to such past decisions, drawing on established judicial authority to formulate their positions. (Full article...) Dietrich v The Queen is a 1992 High Court of Australia constitutional case which established a person accused of serious criminal charges must be granted an adjournment until appropriate legal representation is provided if they are unrepresented through no fault of their own and proceeding would result in the trial being unfair. Until the 5–2 opinion of Dietrich v The Queen, it was customary for those unable to afford legal representation to be forced to represent themselves at trial, even when facing serious criminal charges. Previous High Court rulings found representation preferable but not a requisite for a fair trial. The case originated in the County Court of Victoria, where Olaf Dietrich, later known as Hugo Rich, had been convicted of importing a trafficable quantity of heroin. Prior to trial, Dietrich had applied for legal assistance through several avenues, all of which were rejected. The Victorian Court of Criminal Appeal rejected the appeal and the matter was escalated to the High Court of Australia. Counsel for Dietrich applied for appeal on one ground; Dietrich's lack of legal representation meant the trial in the County Court of Victoria was quashed and a new trial ordered. (Full article...) More Did you know (auto-generated) ... that despite being illegal, jueteng is played by one out of every seven Filipinos? ... that Len Lanzi was legally fired by the Boy Scouts of America after coming out as gay? ... that Travis Denning illegally used David Ashley Parker from Powder Springs's identity before including him in a music video? ... that by the time it closed this year, KissAnime was described as the world's most popular illegal anime streaming site? ... that the Bitcoin Law would make El Salvador the first country to recognize bitcoin as legal tender? ... that Guajajara environmental activist and land defender Paulo Paulino Guajajara, who worked to stop the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, was killed by a group of illegal loggers? Legal news Wikinews Crime and law portal April 28: Reports: US judge Matthew Kacsmaryk redacted name of corporation he owned stock in on disclosure forms April 22: Russia sentences opposition activist Vladimir Kara-Murza to 25 years in penal colony April 21: Paris judge acquits Airbus, Air France of involuntary manslaughter in 2009 crash that killed 228 April 12: Russian authorities charge US reporter Evan Gershkovich with espionage April 11: Maryland, US attorney general's office alleges historic child sexual abuse by Catholic Church officials April 10: Former US President Donald Trump pleads not guilty to 34 felony charges in Manhattan April 5: Russia charges peace activist in assassination of pro-war blogger in Saint Petersburg April 2: 'Unfounded and unsubstantiated': London policemen cleared of beating Muslim March 29: 'Carlos the Jackal' on trial in France for third life sentence March 13: Sydney, Australia woman who "spontaneously" murdered boyfriend in "fatal explosion of emotion" sentenced March 9: Islamabad High Court temporarily suspends arrest warrant against former Pakistani PM Imran Khan February 26: Canadian soldier who filmed himself sexually abusing colleague has appeal dismissed Related portals General images The following are images from various law-related articles on Wikipedia. Philosophers of law ask "what is law, and what should it be?" (from Jurisprudence) The Commonwealth Law Courts Building in Melbourne, the location of the Melbourne branches of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia, as well as occasional High Court of Australia sittings (from Judiciary) Plato (left) and Aristotle (right), a detail of The School of Athens (from Jurisprudence) Thomas Aquinas was the most influential Western medieval legal scholar. (from Jurisprudence) Mill believed law should create happiness. (from Jurisprudence) Image of pages from the Decretum of Burchard of Worms, an 11th-century book of canon law. (from Canon law) Gratian (from Judiciary) The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words (from Legal history) Corpus Iuris Civilis, 1607 (from Judiciary) Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the twentieth century. (from Jurisprudence) Oliver Wendell Holmes was a self-styled legal realist. (from Jurisprudence) Aristotle, by Francesco Hayez (from Jurisprudence) Lady Justice (Latin: Justicia), symbol of the judiciary. Statue at Shelby County Courthouse, Memphis, Tennessee (from Judiciary) King John of England signs the Magna Carta (from Legal history) Topics Quality content Extended content Featured articles New Jersey's 1927 biannual elections proposal US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement Act of Independence of Lithuania Afroyim v. 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