Portal:Mexico

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of over 126 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. Other major urban areas include Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. (Full article...)

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Segundo Romance (English: Second Romance) is the tenth studio album by Mexican singer Luis Miguel, released on 30 August 1994 through WEA Latina. Like Miguel's 1991 album Romance, Segundo Romance comprises cover versions of boleros (Latin ballads) written between 1934 and 1993. It was produced by Miguel with Juan Carlos Calderón, Kiko Cibrian and Armando Manzanero and recorded in early 1994 at the Record Plant in Los Angeles.

Miguel promoted the album with tours in the United States and Latin America from August to December 1994. Four singles were released: "El Día Que Me Quieras", "La Media Vuelta", "Todo y Nada", and "Delirio". The former two reached the top of the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States. (Full article...)

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The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención estadounidense en México (American intervention in Mexico), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory. Mexico refused to recognize the Treaties of Velasco, because they were signed by President Antonio López de Santa Anna while he was captured by the Texas Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas was de facto an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens wanted to be annexed by the United States.

Sectional politics over slavery in the United States were preventing annexation because Texas would have been admitted as a slave state, upsetting the balance of power between Northern free states and Southern slave states. In the 1844 United States presidential election, Democrat James K. Polk was elected on a platform of expanding U.S. territory to Oregon, California (also a Mexican territory), and Texas by any means, with the 1845 annexation of Texas furthering that goal. However, the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed, with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the Rio Grande and Mexico claiming it to be the more-northern Nueces River. Polk sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico in an attempt to buy the disputed territory, together with California and everything in between for $25 million, an offer the Mexican government refused. The U.S. sent troops to the disputed Rio Grande, ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw. Mexico subsequently attacked a group of 80 soldiers on April 25, 1846, a move which Polk used to convince the Congress of the United States to declare war. (Full article...)

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Andamios exteriores (Outdoor Scaffolding) (1928), by Fermín Revueltas, at the Museo Nacional de Arte

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Tonina (or Toniná in Spanish orthography) is a pre-Columbian archaeological site and ruined city of the Maya civilization located in what is now the Mexican state of Chiapas, some 13 km (8.1 mi) east of the town of Ocosingo.

The site is medium to large, with groups of temple-pyramids set on terraces rising some 71 metres (233 ft) above a plaza, a large court for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame, and over 100 carved monuments, most dating from the 6th century through the 9th centuries AD, during the Classic period. Toniná is distinguished by its well preserved stucco sculptures and particularly by its in-the-round carved monuments, produced to an extent not seen in Mesoamerica since the end of the much earlier Olmec civilization. Toniná possesses one of the largest pyramids in Mexico; at 74 metres (243 ft) in height, it is taller than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. (Full article...)

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Daguerreotype of General Santa Anna, c. 1853

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtonjo ˈlopez ðe ˌsan'taːna]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876), usually known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, was a Mexican caudillo who served as president of Mexico multiple times. He was a preeminent figure in Mexican politics to the point that historians of Mexico often refer to three decades after Mexican independence as the "Age of Santa Anna". He has been called "the Man of Destiny who loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus, the uncrowned monarch".

Santa Anna was in charge of the garrison at Veracruz at the time Mexican Independence was won in 1821. He would go on to play a notable role in the fall of the First Mexican Empire, the fall of the First Mexican Republic, the promulgation of the Constitution of 1835, the establishment of the Centralist Republic of Mexico, the Texas Revolution, the Pastry War, the promulgation of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War. He became well known in the United States due to his role in the Texas Revolution and in the Mexican–American War. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

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In the news

7 March 2023 – 2023 Matamoros kidnappings: Two Americans are found dead, and two alive, after they had been kidnapped in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, four days earlier. (BBC News)
25 February 2023 – Mexico–Peru relations, 2022–2023 Peruvian protests: Mexico says that it will maintain its ambassador in Peru despite the latter withdrawing its ambassador from Mexico in protest of Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's support of former Peruvian President Pedro Castillo. (Reuters)
16 January 2023 –: Solomon Peña, a former Republican candidate for the New Mexico House of Representatives, is arrested by SWAT officers for his role in the shootings of at least four New Mexico Democrat politicians' houses. (AP News)
7 January 2023 – 2023 Mexico City Metro train crash: One person is killed and 57 others are injured when two trains crash on Line 3 of the Mexico City Metro in Mexico City. (The Guardian) (Excélsior in Spanish)

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Hot bowl of champurrado as served at a Mexican breakfast

Champurrado is a chocolate-based atole, a warm and thick Mexican beverage. It is prepared with either masa de maíz (lime-treated corn dough), masa harina (a dried version of this dough), or corn flour (simply very finely ground dried corn, especially local varieties grown for atole); piloncillo; water or milk; and occasionally containing cinnamon, anise seed, or vanilla. Ground nuts, orange zest, and egg can also be added to thicken and enrich the drink. Atole drinks are whipped up using a wooden whisk called a molinillo. The whisk is rolled between the palms of the hands, then moved back and forth in the mixture, until it is aerated and frothy; a blender may also be used.

Champurrado is traditionally served with churros in the morning as a simple breakfast or as a late afternoon snack. Champurrado is also very popular during Day of the Dead and at Las Posadas (during the Christmas season), where it is served alongside tamales. Champurrado may also be made with alcohol. (Full article...)

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Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Mexican Coke Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Lithograph depicting head and shoulders of General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 2A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 3A rebel camp. (from History of Mexico)
Image 4Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 5President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 6Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 7Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 8Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 9Flag and coat of arms of the Mexican Empire superimposed a map of its territorial limits. Note the crown on the eagle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, overthrown in a coup d'état by peninsular conspirators in 1808 (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 15In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type liquid petroleum gas (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others. (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) The "Zocalo" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 17Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Friar Miguel de Herrera (1700–1789) (from History of Mexico)
Image 18The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 19The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and destroyed the Mexican Federal Army (from History of Mexico)
Image 20Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. (from History of Mexico)
Image 21Battle of Centla, first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 23Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Rebel soldiers moving by rail during the Mexican Revolution. (from History of Mexico)
Image 26The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 27Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 28El Valle de México, s. XIX (The Valley of Mexico). (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 29A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 301985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 31A 20th-century mural by Diego Rivera depicting Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor (from History of Mexico)
Image 32President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon. At its peak around 600 CE, Teotihuacan was the sixth-largest city in the world. It featured a rational grid plan and a two-mile-long main avenue. Its monumental pyramids echo the shapes of surrounding mountains. (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 35The American occupation of Mexico City. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 37Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Moctezuma Xocoyotzin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
Image 39Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 40The National film library. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 41Miguel Hidalgo with a banner with the Virgin of Guadalupe (from History of Mexico)
Image 42Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commenced in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992. (from History of Mexico)
Image 43Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 45General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 46Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 49A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Francisco I. Madero, Emiliano Zapata, June 12, 1911, in Cuernavaca (from History of Mexico)
Image 51Print of Iturbide as Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 52President Enrique Peña Nieto with President of China Xi Jinping (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comaches, prior to 1850. (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE. Pigments over clay and plaster. Elaborate mural paintings adorned Teotihuacan's elite residential compound. This example may depict the city's principal deity, a goddess wearing a jade mask and a large feathered headdress. (from History of Mexico)
Image 55A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city off Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Battle of Ixmiquilpan occurred on September 25, 1866. between 350 soldiers of the Belgian Legion and Juarista forces, ending the battle with the victory of the latter. (from History of Mexico)
Image 57US President George W. Bush, Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo", Chichen Itza on Thursday, March 30, 2006. (from History of Mexico)
Image 58President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. (from History of Mexico)
Image 59Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 61The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 62A detachment of Rurales during the Porfiriato (from History of Mexico)
Image 63El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, December 6, 1914. Villa is sitting on the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. (from History of Mexico)
Image 65Ingredients at a market in Mexico City, including quintoniles, huauzontle, huitlacoche, and squash flowers. (from History of Mexico)
Image 66President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, each 16' high. The colossal statue-columns of Tula portraying warriors armed with darts and spear-throwers reflect the military regime of the Toltecs, whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. (from History of Mexico)
Image 68The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE. A temple to Kukulkan sits atop this pyramid with a total of 365 stairs on its four sides. At the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow in the shape of a serpent along the northern staircase. (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 70Leon Trotsky in Mexico, 1938 (from History of Mexico)
Image 71Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army. (from History of Mexico)
Image 72Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 73Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City, the king was the maximum authority of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from History of Mexico)
Image 74Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 75Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 76Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 77The identities of the Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities. (from History of Mexico)
Image 78Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 79Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. Limestone, 3'7" × 2' 6.5". British Museum, London. The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs. (from History of Mexico)
Image 80Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramare Castle in Trieste. Painting by Cesare dell'Acqua (1821-1905). (from History of Mexico)
Image 811903. The slogan on the protest banner reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto). (from History of Mexico)
Image 82Plutarco Elías Calles, president of Mexico 1924–28, and power behind the presidency during the Maximato when he did not hold formal power (from History of Mexico)
Image 83"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk. (from History of Mexico)
Image 84A pilot standing in front of his P-47D with a maintenance crew after a combat mission in the Battle of Luzon (from History of Mexico)
Image 85Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE. Stone, 4' 10.5" high. National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico city. Chacmools represent fallen warriors reclining on their backs with receptacles on their chests to receive sacrificial offerings. Excavators discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo (from History of Mexico)

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