Mexico , officially the United Mexican States , is a country in North America . It is the northernmost country in Latin America , and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), and is the thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the largest number of native Spanish speakers . Mexico City is the capital and largest city , which ranks among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.
Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. Mesoamerica , considered a cradle of civilization , was home to numerous advanced societies, including the Olmecs , Maya , Zapotecs , Teotihuacan civilization, and Purépecha . Spanish colonization began in 1521 with an alliance that defeated the Aztec Empire , establishing the colony of New Spain with its capital at Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). New Spain became a major center of the transoceanic economy during the Age of Discovery , fueled by silver mining and its position as a hub between Europe and Asia . This gave rise to one of the largest multiracial populations in the world. The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence , which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire , which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic . In 1848, Mexico lost nearly half its territory to the American invasion . Liberal reforms set in the Constitution of 1857 led to civil war and French intervention , culminating in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximilian I of Austria , who was overthrown by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez . The late 19th century saw the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz , whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest. The 1910–1920 Mexican Revolution led to the overthrow of Díaz and the adoption of the 1917 Constitution . Mexico experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth in the 1940s–1970s, amidst electoral fraud , political repression, and economic crises. Unrest included the Tlatelolco massacre of 1968 and the Zapatista uprising in 1994. The late 20th century saw a shift towards neoliberalism , marked by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994. (Full article... )
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The Battle of San Patricio was fought on February 27, 1836, between Texian rebels and the Mexican army, during the Texas Revolution . The battle occurred as a result of the outgrowth of the Texian Matamoros Expedition . The battle marked the start of the Goliad Campaign , the Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast . It took place in and around San Patricio .
By the end of 1835, all Mexican troops had been driven from Texas. Frank W. Johnson , the commander of the volunteer army in Texas, and James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of Matamoros . In February 1836, Johnson and about 40 men led a herd of horses to San Patricio in preparation for the expedition. Johnson assigned some of his troops to a ranch 4 miles (6.4 km) outside town to guard the horses, while the rest of his men garrisoned in three different locations in town. (Full article... )
Ciudad Juárez ( sew-DAHD HWAR -ez , Spanish: [sjuˈðað ˈxwaɾes] ⓘ ; "Juárez City"), commonly referred to as just Juárez (Lipan : Tsé Táhú'ayá ), is the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . It was known until 1888 as El Paso del Norte ("The North Pass").
It is the seat of the Juárez Municipality with an estimated metropolitan population of 2.5 million people. Juárez lies on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) river, south of El Paso, Texas , United States. Together with the surrounding areas, the cities form El Paso–Juárez , the second largest binational metropolitan area on the Mexico–U.S. border (after San Diego–Tijuana ), with a combined population of over 3.4 million people. (Full article... )
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José Gutiérrez Hernández (born March 1, 1972), better known by his ring name Último Guerrero (Spanish for Last Warrior ), is a Mexican luchador (or professional wrestler ), who works for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He is a former holder of the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship , NWA World Historic Middleweight Championship , the CMLL World Tag Team Championship (where he and Dragón Rojo Jr. are the longest reigning tag team champions) and CMLL World Trios Championship on multiple occasions. Guerrero is a charter member of the stable of wrestlers known as Los Guerreros de Infierno / Los Guerreros de la Atlantida and has also made appearances for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in the United States. In TNA where he was part of Team Mexico , which won the 2008 World X Cup . Guerrero is the only wrestler to win the Torneo Gran Alternativa tournament three times and the CMLL Universal Championship tournament twice. He is also part of the CMLL booking committee.
Hernández is not related to the lucha libre legend Gory Guerrero or any of his children; "Guerrero" in this case is the Spanish word for warrior and not the surname of the character. On September 19, 2014, Último Guerrero lost a Lucha de Apuestas match to Atlantis , after which he was forced to unmask and reveal his birth name. (Full article... )
Juana Inés de Asbaje y Ramírez de Santillana , better known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz OSH (12 November 1651 – 17 April 1695), was a Hieronymite nun and a Mexican writer, philosopher, composer and poet of the Baroque period, nicknamed "The Tenth Muse", "The Mexican Phoenix", and "The Phoenix of America" by her contemporary critics. She was also a student of science and corresponded with the English scientist Isaac Newton. She was among the main contributors to the Spanish Golden Age , alongside Juan de Espinosa Medrano , Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Garcilaso de la Vega "el Inca" , and is considered one of the most important female writers in Spanish language literature and Mexican literature .
Sor Juana's significance to different communities and has varied greatly across time- having been presented as a candidate for Catholic sainthood ; a symbol of Mexican nationalism ; and a paragon of freedom of speech , women's rights , and sexual diversity , making her a figure of great controversy and debate to this day. (Full article... )
12 July 2025 –
United States president Donald Trump announces a 30% tariff increase on imported items from Mexico and the European Union to take effect on August 1. (BBC News)
8 July 2025 – July 2025 Southern New Mexico floods
At least three people are killed, four people are trapped, including a father and his two children, and 85 others are rescued when they are washed away in flash floods in Ruidoso , New Mexico , United States . (AP) (LBC)
6 July 2025 – 2025 CONCACAF Gold Cup
In association football , the defending champions Mexico win a record-extending 10th Gold Cup title after defeating the United States 2–1 in the final at the NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas, United States. Edson Álvarez is named the tournament's best player. (France 24)
4 July 2025 –
Anti-gentrification protests in Mexico City , Mexico , lead to tourist harassment and vandalism in Condesa . (AP)
30 June 2025 – 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico
National Economic Council director Kevin Hassett announces that the United States will restart trade talks with Canada after they cancel their digital services tax on American technology firms. (CBC)
27 June 2025 – 2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico
U.S. president Donald Trump announces the suspension of the trade talks with Canada , also announcing new tariffs on goods crossing the Canada–United States border . (BBC News)
Tostilocos (also Dorilocos ) are a popular Mexican antojito (street food) that consist of Tostitos or Doritos tortilla chips with various toppings. Ingredients can include white corn, cueritos (pickled pork rinds), cucumber , jícama , lime juice , Clamato , mango pieces, hot sauce , chamoy , chili powder , salt, mayonnaise, and Japanese-style peanuts (sometimes referred to as "cracker nuts"). The dish was first conceived in the late 1990s by street vendors in Mexico.
In the 21st century, Tostilocos also known as “Tostitos Preparados” are now commonly sold by street vendors, stadium vendors, and at Mexican juice bars in both Mexico and the Southwestern United States . (Full article... )
The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and
Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to
Nazi Germany or Spain. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 2 Buffalo Soldiers of the American
10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the
Battle of Carrizal , Mexico in 1916. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 3 The first
Braceros arrive in
Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by
Dorothea Lange . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 4 The Execution of Emperor Maximilian , 19 June 1867. Gen.
Tomás Mejía , left, Maximilian, center, Gen.
Miguel Miramón , right. Painting by
Édouard Manet 1868. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 5 Chapultepec , more commonly called the "Bosque de Chapultepec" (Chapultepec
Forest ) (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 6 Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the
Golden Age of Mexican Cinema . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 7 Pear ,
Quince and
Psidium cajeta . In 2010 declared the
Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 8 Exconvento (Ex-convent), by
José María Velasco . 1860. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 9 Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 10 La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt).
Miguel Cabrera , around 1700. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 12 Battle of Tampico (1829) a conflict between Mexican forces led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna and Spanish loyalists attempting to reconquer Mexico, resulting in a decisive Mexican victory that further solidified Mexico's independence from Spain. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 13 Fireworks in Mexico City for
New Year's Day . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 14 Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from
History of Mexico )
Image 15 "The Torture of
Cuauhtémoc ", a 19th-century painting by
Leandro Izaguirre (from
History of Mexico )
Image 16 José Pablo Moncayo known for his orchestral works, particularly "
Huapango " (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 17 Silk
rebozo from Santa María del Río, SLP on a mannequin at the Feria de Rebozo in
Tenancingo, State of Mexico. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 20 President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the
Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of
Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from
History of Mexico )
Image 21 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from
History of Mexico )
Image 22 The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 23 President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh (from
History of Mexico )
Image 24 Portrait and book by
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Baroque poet and writer. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 25 Matches between Club América and Cruz Azul at the
Estadio Azteca , known as the "
Clásico Joven ." (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 26 Plutarco Elías Calles politician and revolutionary general who served as President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928, known for his role in shaping modern Mexico through reforms and the consolidation of state power. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 27 April 2, 1867. Entry of General
Porfirio Díaz into
Puebla . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 28 Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 30 Chacmool , Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 31 A statue of a
Chichimeca Warrior in the city of
Querétaro (from
History of Mexico )
Image 33 Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso,
Tabasco (from
History of Mexico )
Image 35 Surrender of Santa Anna by
William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded
Sam Houston in 1836. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 37 Variegated maize ears (from
History of Mexico )
Image 38 Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from
History of Mexico )
Image 39 A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 40 David Huerta is a contemporary philosopher and poet who examines human existence, freedom, and meaning in Mexican society, blending philosophy with art and literature. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 41 Making cigarettes in the
El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from
History of Mexico )
Image 42 General
Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from
History of Mexico )
Image 44 Logo of the
Partido Nacional Revolucionario , with the colors of the Mexican flag (from
History of Mexico )
Image 45 A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 46 Agustín de Iturbide the first
Emperor of Mexico in 1822 after leading the Mexican War of Independence against Spain, but his reign was short-lived, lasting only until 1823 when he abdicated, and Mexico transitioned to a republic. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 47 Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President
Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President
George H. W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney , observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 48 Porfirio Díaz dominant Mexican political and military figure who served as President for much of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by his long rule and the modernization efforts known as the Porfiriato. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 49 Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from
History of Mexico )
Image 50 The
Volkswagen Beetle , known in Mexico as the "Vocho," is perhaps the most iconic classic car in the country. Its production in Mexico began in 1967, and it continued until 2003, making it a symbol of Mexican automotive culture. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 52 Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from
History of Mexico )
Image 54 Ignacio Comonfort significant role during the tumultuous period of the mid-19th century, including the Reform War and early stages of the Mexican Republic's transition. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 55 Shield Jaguar and
Lady Xoc , Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 56 Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 57 Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the
Cristo Rey (
Christ the
King ) statue. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 58 La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes).
Saturnino Herrán . 1910–1912. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 59 El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 60 Quechquemitl from Hidalgo at the
Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 61 General
Santa Anna known for his leadership during the Texas Revolution, Mexican-American War, and turbulent periods of Mexican history marked by political instability and territorial losses. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 62 Logo of
Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 63 Mexican Army troops in the
Zócalo in the 1968
Tlatelolco massacre . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 64 Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the
Pyramid of the Sun , from the
Pyramid of the Moon (from
History of Mexico )
Image 65 Dining table , painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by
Agustín Arrieta (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 66 Award of the Association of Theater Critics and Journalists. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 67 Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in
Veracruz , 10th–13th century.
Metropolitan Museum of Art . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 68 Liberación (Liberation).
Jorge González Camarena . 1908. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 69 U.S. President
Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect
Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the
White House following Peña Nieto's
election victory. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 70 Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 71 Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 73 Battle of Miahuatlán took place on 3 October 1866. The liberal victory at
Miahuatlán was significant because it allowed them to consolidate their control over southern Mexico. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 74 Mexico City street market (from
History of Mexico )
Image 75 Victoriano Huerta , ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 76 Modern group monument of
Cortés ,
Doña Marina , and their
mestizo son Martín (from
History of Mexico )
Image 78 Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from
History of Mexico )
Image 79 Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Category puzzle
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Non-Amerindian
Amerindian
More than 100,000 people 20,000–100,000 people 1,000–20,000 people Fewer than 1,000 people
1 Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe
2 Primarily arrived via Canada
3 Originated in what is now the United States
More than 100,000 people 20,000 – 100,000 people 1,000 – 20,000 people Less than 1,000 people
Official/ Indigenous
100,000+ speakers 10,000-100,000 speakers Under 10,000 speakers
Non-official Sign Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
19th century 20th century 21st century
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