Portal:Mexico

Mexico
Mexico
	Flag Coat of arms
Location	Southern portion of North America

The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, bordering the United States of America to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast, while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), and is the thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population around 131 million as of 2025, Mexico is the tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is the capital and largest city in Mexico, which ranks among the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.

Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 11,500 BC, although dates as old as 28,000 BC have been proposed for less securely dated sites. Mesoamerica, considered a cradle of civilization, was home to numerous advanced societies, including the Olmecs, Maya, Zapotecs, Teotihuacan civilization, and Purépecha. Spanish colonization began in 1521 with an indigenous alliance that defeated the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain with its capital at Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City. New Spain became a major center of the transoceanic economy during the Age of Discovery, fueled by silver mining and its position as a hub between Europe and Asia. This gave rise to one of the largest multiracial populations in the world. The Peninsular War led to the 1810–1821 Mexican War of Independence, which ended Peninsular rule and led to the creation of the First Mexican Empire, which quickly collapsed into the short-lived First Mexican Republic. In 1848, Mexico lost nearly half its territory in the Mexican–American War. Liberal reforms set in the Constitution of 1857 led to civil war and French intervention, culminating in the establishment of the Second Mexican Empire under Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg, who was overthrown by Republican forces led by Benito Juárez. The late 19th century saw the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, whose modernization policies came at the cost of severe social unrest. The 1910–1920 Mexican Revolution led to the overthrow of Díaz and the adoption of the 1917 Constitution. Mexico experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth in the 1940s–1970s, amidst electoral fraud, the Tlatelolco massacre, and economic crises. The late 20th century saw a shift towards neoliberalism, marked by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst unrest in Chiapas. (Full article...)

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The Battle of San Patricio was fought on February 27, 1836, between Texian rebels and the Mexican army, during the Texas Revolution. The battle occurred as a result of the outgrowth of the Texian Matamoros Expedition. The battle marked the start of the Goliad Campaign, the Mexican offensive to retake the Texas Gulf Coast. It took place in and around San Patricio.

By the end of 1835, all Mexican troops had been driven from Texas. Frank W. Johnson, the commander of the volunteer army in Texas, and James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of Matamoros. In February 1836, Johnson and about 40 men led a herd of horses to San Patricio in preparation for the expedition. Johnson assigned some of his troops to a ranch 4 miles (6.4 km) outside town to guard the horses, while the rest of his men garrisoned in three different locations in town. (Full article...)

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Mission At Santiago de Jalpan

The Franciscan missions of the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro are five missions built in Mexico between 1750 and 1760. The foundation of the missions is attributed to Junípero Serra, who also founded the most important missions in California. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003.

They are an example of an architectural and stylistic unity with a tempera painting that is one of the best examples of popular New Spain Baroque. According to the criteria to which the UNESCO inscription as a World Heritage Site refers, the missions are testimony to the important exchange of values during the colonization process, both in the center and north of Mexico and in the west of what currently occupies the territory of the United States. (Full article...)

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Concheros dancer, in front of the Museo Nacional de Arte, Mexico City

image credit: AlejandroLinaresGarcia

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María Santos Gorrostieta Salazar (1976 – c. 15 November 2012) was a Mexican politician who served as mayor of Tiquicheo, in Michoacán, from 2008 to 2011. Despite three assassination attempts during her tenure, she continued to be outspoken against organized crime. In a fourth attack, she was kidnapped and assassinated by suspected drug traffickers on 15 November 2012. Michoacán was home to several violent drug trafficking organizations such as La Familia Michoacana and the Knights Templar Cartel. Gorrostieta, a physician, had been a member of the PRI and left it for lack of support after the attacks. She had then become a member of the PRD. (Full article...)

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Juárez c. 1872

Benito Pablo Juárez García (Latin American Spanish: [beˈnito ˈpaβlo ˈxwaɾes ɣaɾˈsi.a] ^ⓘ; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) was a Mexican politician, military officer, and lawyer who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in 1872. A Zapotec, he was the first Indigenous president of Mexico and the first democratically elected Indigenous president in postcolonial America. A member of the Liberal Party, he previously held a number of offices, including the governorship of Oaxaca and the presidency of the Supreme Court. During his presidency, he led the Liberals to victory in the Reform War and in the Second French intervention in Mexico.

Born in Oaxaca to a poor rural Indigenous family and orphaned as a child, Juárez passed into the care of his uncle, eventually moving to Oaxaca City at the age of 12, where he found work as a domestic servant. Sponsored by his employer, who was also a lay Franciscan, Juárez temporarily enrolled in a seminary and studied to become a priest, but later switched his studies to law at the Institute of Sciences and Arts, where he became active in liberal politics. He began to practice law and was eventually appointed as a judge, after which he married Margarita Maza, a woman from a socially distinguished family in Oaxaca City. (Full article...)

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12 October 2026 – 2026 Pacific hurricane season: Two deaths are reported after hurricanes Rachel and Simon made landfall on Mexico's coast, with Guerrero governor Evelyn Salgado and Baja California governor Marina del Pilar Ávila confirming their deaths. (Al Jazeera)
11 October 2026 – Mexican drug war: Three civilians and two police officers are killed in a mass shooting in Jacona, Michoacán, Mexico, while six other people are wounded. Separately, three gunmen are killed in a shootout with police in Zamora. (OEM in Spanish)
10 October 2026 – 2026 Pacific hurricane season: Tropical storm Simon strengthens into a category 4 Pacific hurricane with 150 mph (240 kph) winds as it heads towards Mexico's coast. (AP) (The Rio Times)
8 October 2026 – Mexican drug war: Twelve people, including a 2-year-old, are killed and 16 more injured during a shootout between different factions of the Sinaloa Cartel at El Castillo Penitentiary Centre in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico. The incident is believed to have been an assassination attempt on Eduardo Jonathan Martínez Larios, a leader of Los Chapitos who was reportedly amongst the dead. (Mexico News Daily)
7 October 2026 – Elections in Mexico: Mexican president Claudia Sheinbaum sanctions a constitutional amendment prohibiting Mexicans with dual citizenship from running for president or governor. (AA) (El Economista in Spanish)
1 October 2026 –: Two 18-year-old former students attack a secondary school in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico, with knives and pyrotechnic devices, killing the vice-principal and injuring three people. Police arrest both suspects. (AFP via RNZ)

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Mexican wine and wine making began with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, when they brought vines from Europe to modern day Mexico, the oldest wine-growing region in the Americas. Although there were indigenous grapes before the Spanish conquest, the Spaniards found that Spanish grapevines also did very well in the colony of New Spain (Mexico) and by the 17th century wine exports from Spain to the New World fell. In 1699, Charles II of Spain prohibited wine making in Mexico, with the exception of wine for Church purposes. From then until Mexico’s Independence, wine was produced in Mexico only on a small scale.

After Independence, wine making for personal purposes was no longer prohibited and production rose, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many other European immigrant groups helped with the comeback of wine in Mexico. However, the Mexican Revolution set back wine production, especially in the north of the country. Wine production in Mexico has been rising in both quantity and quality since the 1980s, although competition from foreign wines and 40% tax on the product makes competing difficult within Mexico. Mexico is not traditionally a wine-drinking country, but rather prefers beer, tequila and mezcal. Interest in Mexican wine, especially in the major cities and tourists areas (along with the introduction into the US on a small scale), has grown along with Mexican wines’ reputation throughout the world. Many Mexican companies have received numerous awards. Various wine producers from Mexico have won international awards for their products. In 2020, the wine Don Leo Gran Reserva Cabernet Sauvignon won gold in the International Cabernet competition (CIDC) and the trophy for the world's best Cabernet. The wine is produced in Parras, Coahuila in the Northwestern region of Mexico. (Full article...)

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General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 2Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from History of Mexico)
Image 3Silk rebozo from Santa María del Río, SLP on a mannequin at the Feria de Rebozo in Tenancingo, State of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 4Plaza de las Tres Culturas (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 5Chapultepec, more commonly called the "Bosque de Chapultepec" (Chapultepec Forest) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 6Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 7"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk (from History of Mexico)
Image 8President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 9The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10April 2, 1867. Entry of General Porfirio Díaz into Puebla. (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 12Exconvento (Ex-convent), by José María Velasco. 1860. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 13Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Statue at the Sanctuary of Atotonilco (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Olmec colossal (from History of Mexico)
Image 17President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 19Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 20Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 21A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 23La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes). Saturnino Herrán. 1910–1912. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 24U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 26The Zócalo (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 27Quechquemitl from Hidalgo at the Museo de Arte Popular in Mexico City (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 28Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 29Battle of Miahuatlán took place on 3 October 1866. The liberal victory at Miahuatlán was significant because it allowed them to consolidate their control over southern Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 30Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 31Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 32President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 35Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 37Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from History of Mexico)
Image 39Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 40Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 41Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from History of Mexico)
Image 42Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 43Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 44Battle of Tampico (1829) a conflict between Mexican forces led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna and Spanish loyalists attempting to reconquer Mexico, resulting in a decisive Mexican victory that further solidified Mexico's independence from Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 45José Pablo Moncayo known for his orchestral works, particularly "Huapango" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 46"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Plutarco Elías Calles politician and revolutionary general who served as President of Mexico from 1924 to 1928, known for his role in shaping modern Mexico through reforms and the consolidation of state power. (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Liberación (Liberation). Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 49David Huerta is a contemporary philosopher and poet who examines human existence, freedom, and meaning in Mexican society, blending philosophy with art and literature. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 50El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)

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