# Pseudocircle

The pseudocircle is the finite topological space X consisting of four distinct points {a,b,c,d } with the following non-Hausdorff topology:

${\displaystyle \left\{\{a,b,c,d\},\{a,b,c\},\{a,b,d\},\{a,b\},\{a\},\{b\},\emptyset \right\}}$.

This topology corresponds to the partial order ${\displaystyle a where open sets are downward-closed sets. X is highly pathological from the usual viewpoint of general topology as it fails to satisfy any separation axiom besides T0. However, from the viewpoint of algebraic topology X has the remarkable property that it is indistinguishable from the circle S1.

More precisely the continuous map f from S1 to X (where we think of S1 as the unit circle in R2) given by

${\displaystyle f(x,y)={\begin{cases}a,&x<0\\b,&x>0\\c,&(x,y)=(0,1)\\d,&(x,y)=(0,-1)\end{cases}}}$

is a weak homotopy equivalence, that is f induces an isomorphism on all homotopy groups. It follows[1] that f also induces an isomorphism on singular homology and cohomology and more generally an isomorphism on all ordinary or extraordinary homology and cohomology theories (e.g., K-theory).

This can be proved using the following observation. Like S1, X is the union of two contractible open sets {a,b,c} and {a,b,d } whose intersection {a,b} is also the union of two disjoint contractible open sets {a} and {b}. So like S1, the result follows from the groupoid Seifert-van Kampen theorem, as in the book Topology and Groupoids.[2]

More generally McCord has shown that for any finite simplicial complex K, there is a finite topological space XK which has the same weak homotopy type as the geometric realization |K| of K. More precisely there is a functor, taking K to XK, from the category of finite simplicial complexes and simplicial maps and a natural weak homotopy equivalence from |K| to XK.[3]