Raja

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For other uses, see Raja (disambiguation) and Rajah (disambiguation).
Jai Singh I of Amber receiving Shivaji a day before concluding the Treaty of Purandar (12 June 1665)
The Maharaja of Benares and his suite, 1870s

Raja (/ˈrɑːdʒɑː/; also spelled rajah, from Sanskrit राजन् rājan-), is a title for a monarch or princely ruler in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

The female form Rani (or Ranee, Rajin) applies equally to the wife of a Raja (or of an equivalent style such as Rana), usually as queen consort and occasionally as regent.[citation needed]

The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a rājan- is a ruler, see for example the dāśarājñá, the "Battle of Ten Kings".

Etymology

Further information: Reich § Etymology, and Reiks

Sanskrit rājan- is cognate to Latin rēx (genitive rēgis) 'king' (as in pre-republican Rome), Gaulish rīx, Gaelic rí (genitive ríg), etc., originally denoting heads of petty kingdoms and city states. It is believed to be ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European *h3rēǵs, a vrddhi formation to the root *h3reǵ- "to straighten, to order, to rule". The Sanskrit n-stem is secondary in the male title, apparently adapted from the female counterpart rājñī which also has an -n- suffix in related languages, compare Old Irish rígain and Latin regina. Cognates of the word rājan in other Indo-European languages include English reign and German Reich. The alternative English form 'rajah' is an example of the common error of inappropriately adding an 'h' to any final 'a', since masculine Sanskrit words ending in 'a' take the termination 'h' in the singular nominative case. It is to be deprecated, as being based on a false etymology.

Related titles and variations

Rather common, practically equivalent variants in Rajasthani, Marathi and Hindi, used as equivalent royal style in parts of India include Rana, Rao, Rai, Roy, Raol, Rawal and rawat (regional equivalents of Raja) and Yuv(a)raj(a/u) 'prince heir'.

Maharaja, or "great king", is literally a title for more significant rulers in India, but after some inflation of titles over time, there is no clear hierarchy between the terms. Hence during the British raj, precedence was rather determined by the gun salute.

Raja, Thakore and many variations, compounds and derivations including either of these were used in and around South Asia by most Hindu, and some Muslim, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh rulers, and still is commonly used in India, but Muslim princes rather used unrelated titles of Arabic/Persian origin like Nawab, Amir or Sultan.

Compound titles

  • Badan Singh (d. 1756) was styled Raja Mahendra and founded the city and state Bharatpur, which his dynasty ruled as Maharajas.
  • Raja Sahib was the royal style in Bansda (at least since 1701) until its upgrade from c.1829 to higher 'counterpart' Maharaja Sahib.
  • Raja-i Rajgan was notably the royal style of :
    • the former Rajas of J(h)ind from * until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja.
    • the former Rajas (originally Sardars) of Kapurthala from 1861 until their 1911 upgrade to Maharaja.
    • two consecutive rulers of Patiala, the first of which was originally styled Maharaja, while the second 'upgraded back' to higher 'counterpart' Maharaja Rajgan.
  • Raja Bahadur (literally 'higher then' Raja) :

Raja-ruled Indian states

Princely state
Individual residencies
Agencies
Lists

While most of the Hindu salute states were ruled by a Maharaja (or variation; some promoted from an earlier Raja- or equivalent style), even exclusively from 13 guns up, a number had Rajas :

Hereditary salutes of 11-guns
Hereditary salutes of 9-guns (11-guns personal)
Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns local)
Hereditary salutes of 9-guns
Personal salute of 9-guns

There were many more Rajas (and variations) among the native rulers (of Chieftains) non-salute states, i.e. less prestigious princely states, often upgraded from a lower title and/or to a higher one (sometimes even becoming salute state), while less obvious shifts also occurred, including :

Raja is also frequently used as (confusing) rendering of other native regal titles, such as Swargadeo (Ahom language: Chao-Pha) of the Ahom Kingdom (alias Assam), where Charing Raja, Tipam Raja and Namrup Raja were the title for the first, second viz. third prince in line for succession.

There were many more Rajas (and variations) among the feudatory (e)states, such as jagirs.[citation needed]

Usage outside India

A Chinese depiction of a Raha (the Spanish pronunciation of Rajah) or Hari in Boxer Codex (c. 1595). Raja was a title used by the Royalties in the Classical Period of pre-colonial Philippines.

Rajadharma

Raja Dhrub Dev assesses a horse, by Nainsukh, c. 1740s; it was usual for horses to be shown off in front of a white sheet, to better appreciate their form
See also: Dharma and Dharmaraja

Rajadharma is the dharma which applies to the king, or the Raja. Dharma is that which upholds, supports, or maintains the order of the universe and is based on truth.[1] It is of central importance in achieving order and balance within the world and does this by demanding certain necessary behaviors from people.

The king served two main functions as the Raja: Secular and Religious.[2] The religious functions involved certain acts for propitiating gods, removing dangers, and guarding dharma, among other things. The secular functions involved helping prosperity (such as during times of famine), dealing out even-handed justice, and protecting people and their property. Once he helped the Vibhore to reach his goal by giving the devotion of his power in order to reduce the poverty from his kingdom.[2]

Protection of his subjects was seen as the first and foremost duty of the king. This was achieved by punishing internal aggression, such as thieves among his people, and meeting external aggression, such as attacks by foreign entities.[3] Moreover, the king possessed executive, judicial, and legislative dharmas, which he was responsible for carrying out. If he did so wisely, the king believed that he would be rewarded by reaching the pinnacle of the abode of the sun, or heaven.[4] However, if the king carried out his office poorly, he feared that he would suffer hell or be struck down by a deity.[5] As scholar Charles Drekmeier notes, "dharma stood above the king, and his failure to preserve it must accordingly have disastrous consequences". Because the king's power had to be employed subject to the requirements of the various castes' dharma, failure to "enforce the code" transferred guilt on to the ruler, and according to Drekmeier some texts went so far as to justify revolt against a ruler who abused his power or inadequately performed his dharma. In other words, Danda as both the king's tool of coercion and power, yet also his potential downfall, "was a two-edged sword".[6]

The executive duty of the king was primarily to carry out punishment, or danda.[7] For instance, a judge who would give an incorrect verdict out of passion, ignorance, or greed is not worthy of the office, and the king should punish him harshly.[8] Another executive dharma of the king is correcting the behavior of brahmanas that have strayed from their dharma, or duties, through the use of strict punishment.[9] These two examples demonstrated how the king was responsible for enforcing the dharmas of his subjects, but also was in charge of enforcing rulings in more civil disputes.[10] Such as if a man is able to repay a creditor but does not do so out of mean-spiritedness, the king should make him pay the money and take five percent for himself.[11]

The judicial duty of the king was deciding any disputes that arose in his kingdom and any conflicts that arose between dharmasastra and practices at the time or between dharmasastra and any secular transactions.[12] When he took the judgment seat, the king was to abandon all selfishness and be neutral to all things.[13] The king would hear cases such as thefts, and would use dharma to come to a decision.[14] He was also responsible for making sure that the witnesses were honest and truthful by way of testing them.[8] If the king conducted these trials according to dharma, he would be rewarded with wealth, fame, respect, and an eternal place in heaven, among other things.[15] However, not all cases fell upon the shoulders of the king. It was also the king's duty to appoint judges that would decide cases with the same integrity as the king.[16]

The king also had a legislative duty, which was utilized when he would enact different decrees, such as announcing a festival or a day of rest for the kingdom.[17]

Rajadharma largely portrayed the king as an administrator above all else.[18] The main purpose for the king executing punishment, or danda, was to ensure that all of his subjects were carrying out their own particular dharmas.[7] For this reason, rajadharma was often seen as the root of all dharma and was the highest goal.[19] The whole purpose of the king was to make everything and everyone prosper.[20] If they were not prospering, the king was not fulfilling his dharma.[21] He had to carry out his duties as laid down in the science of government and "not act at his sweet will."[18] Indeed, in the major writings on dharma (i.e. dharmasastra, etc.), the dharma of the king was regarded as the "capstone" of the other castes' dharma both due to the king's goal of securing the happiness and prosperity of his people[22] as well as his ability to act as the "guarantor" of the whole social structure through the enforcement of Danda (Hindu Punishment).[23]

In contemporary India, an idea pervades various levels of Hindu society: the "Ramrajya", or a kind of Hindu Golden Age in which through his strict adherence to rajadharma as outline in the Hindu epics and elsewhere, Rama serves as the ideal model of the perfect Hindu king. As Derrett put it, "everyone lives at peace" because "everyone knows his place" and could easily be forced into that place if necessary.[10] Ram's actions with regards to his wife Sita at the end of the Ramayana arguably serve as the best example of his utmost regard for his dharma as king, although other actions of his both before and after his defeat of Ravana are equally revered.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lariviere, 1989
  2. ^ a b Kane, p.101
  3. ^ Kane, p.56
  4. ^ Lariviere, p.19
  5. ^ Kane, p.96
  6. ^ Drekmeier, p.10
  7. ^ a b Kane, p.21
  8. ^ a b Lariviere, p.18
  9. ^ Lariviere, p.48
  10. ^ a b Derrett, p.598
  11. ^ Lariviere, p.67
  12. ^ Kane, p.9
  13. ^ Lariviere, p.10
  14. ^ Lariviere, p.8
  15. ^ Lariviere, p.9
  16. ^ Lariviere, p.20
  17. ^ Kane, p.98
  18. ^ a b Kane, p.31
  19. ^ Kane, p.3
  20. ^ Kane, p.11
  21. ^ Kane, p.62
  22. ^ Derret, p.599
  23. ^ Drekmeier, p.10-11

References

  • Derrett, J.D.M. "Rajadharma." In The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Aug., 1976), pp. 597–609
  • Drekmeier, Charles. Kingship and Community in Early India. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1962.
  • Kane, Pandurang Vaman. 1968. History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law In India). [2d ed.] rev. and enl. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.
  • Lariviere, Richard W. 1989. "The Naradasmrti." University of Pennsylvania Studies on South Asia.

Sources and external links

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