Rani Padmini
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| Rani Padmini | |
|---|---|
 Queen Padmini of Chittor |
Rani Padmini (or Padmavati) is a legendary queen mentioned in Padmavat, an epic poem written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE.[2] According to the poem, she was the wife of King Ratansen of Chittor;[1] and the daughter of the contemporary Sinhala king.[3] Rani Padmini was known mostly for her divine beauty.
Early life
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Padmini or Padmavati spent her life in Sinhala under the care of her father Gandharvsena and mother Champavati.[4] Padmini had a talking parrot named "Hiramani".[5] Her father arranged a swayamvara to wed his beautiful daughter to an able man and invited all the Hindu kings and Rajputs (request to marry her by showing their eligibility). King Rawal Ratan Singh of Chittor hearing of Padmini's attributes went to the swayamvara regardless of having multiple wives. There he won her hand by defeating another eligible king, Malkhan Singh.[6] He returned to Chittor with his beautiful queen Padmini.
सुमिरि रूप पदमावति केरा । हँसा सुआ, रानी मुख हेरा ॥
(नागमती-सुवा-संवाद-खंड)
[Queen Nagamati asks her new parrot: say beloved parrot, Is anyone in the world as beautiful as me?]
The parrot recalled the beauty of Padmavati. It laughed and looked at the queen.[7] An illustrated manuscript of Padmavat, ca. 1750
In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Sultanate of Delhi - the kingdom set up by invaders - was growing in power. The Sultans made repeated attacks on Mewar.[8] It is famously said and believed that Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittorgarh to have Maharani Padmini all for himself. This story is based on the poem Padmavat by Malik Muhammmad Jayasi, written in Awadhi in 1540. However, some historians do not agree with this story and claim it to be a legend or a famous folklore.
Story of Padmini and Chittorgarh
In 1302-03 CE, Chittor was under the rule of Rajput King Rawal Ratan Singh, a brave and noble warrior, and also a patron of arts. He had many skilled and talented artists in his court, one of whom was a musician named Raghav Chetan.[9] But what people did not know was that Raghav Chetan was also a practitioner of magic and spells. He used this hidden talent to defeat his rivals. Unfortunately, he was caught red-handed while practicing magic, which greatly displeased the king.[8] Raghav Chetan was thus banished from the kingdom after he was publicly humiliated when forced to sit on a donkey with black paint on his face and ride around the capital.[8] This harsh punishment earned Ratan Singh an uncompromising enemy. Sulking after his humiliation, Raghav Chetan went to Delhi with the aim of trying to incite the Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khilji, with a reason to attack Chittor.[8]
The Sultan on reaching Mewar was anxious to see the beautiful queen Padmini of whose beauty he had heard a lot. As a guest to the kingdom, he asked to meet with the queen. Padmini however, suspicious of Alauddin's demand declined the request. King Ratan Singh then tried to talk his queen into agreeing for he knew of the strength and might of the Delhi Sultanate and the Khilji Dynasty. Padmini then put a condition that Alauddin should see only her reflection that too in the presence of her husband, herself accompanied by a hundred female servants.[10]
When the sultan of Delhi saw her, he was so smittened by her beauty that he wanted Padmini for himself. He thus decided to attack Chittorgarh. He believed that if he killed the king he could have his queen.[10]
The Rajputs fought valiantly in the battle, but lost. Alauddin Khilji, all triumphant when reached the fort was shocked. To his great dismay and disbelief all the royal women including Padmini had committed jauhar.[10]
The women who performed jauhar perished but their memory has been kept alive till date in the bards and songs which glorify their valor. To protect their self respect and honour, they jumped into the fire pyre. To these women death by jauhar was better than the security and luxury of inglorious captivity.[11][12]
Padmavat
Malik Muhammad Jayasi's poem records yet another account of the events.
The retelling of a Rajput epic of resistance by a Muslim such as Jayasi is notable enough, but his embellishments of the Rajput narrative intrigue us even further.[13] In Jayasi's retelling of the story, Padmini is renamed 'Padmavati', and she is the princess of Sinhala. In this version Padmini is held captive by her oppressive father, surprisingly very similar to how Sita was held captive by the tyrant King Ravana. Jayasi thus draws many parallels from the plot of the Indian epic 'Ramayana'.[13] Like Hanuman, Ratnasena hears of Padmini, but falls in love with her. He then disguises as a yogi, giving up his kingdom and goes in search of Padmini. When her father finds out he tries to kill Ratnasena. Jayasi here presents him as a second Hallaj, the famous ninth-century Sufi martyred in Baghdad for his unorthodox theological views. Ratnasena’s impending martyrdom is miraculously averted when his true identity as the king of Chittor is finally revealed.[13] Ratnasena then marries Padmini and returns to Chittor. Things from then however, take a downhill when emperor Alauddin Khilji hears of her beauty. He launches a siege which would ultimately ruin both Chittor and Padmini. It is this martyrdom of Ratnasena as a second Hallaj that foreshadows his later “martyrdom” at the hands of Alauddin Khalji.
When Ratan Singh refuses Alauddin Khilji's demand for Padmavati for his harem, war ensues and the king is taken prisoner. Meanwhile, the king of neighbouring Kambhalner makes an indecent proposal to the queen. Ratan Singh escapes and kills the king of Kambhalner, but is himself fatally wounded. His two queens, Padmavati and Nagmati perform Jauhar, and Alauddin's army arrives when their ashes are still warm. Chittor falls to the emperor.[2]
Thus, in restating an old Rajput narrative Jayasi embellishes it by weaving into it several inter-textual strands- the Ramayana, a famous Sufi martyrology, and Natha Yogic cosmology.[13]
Since then, the Hindu and Muslim retelling of Jayasi's poem has been going on; with retelling of this story also in Persian. One such example is of Lachhmi Ram’s recollection of the famous couplet by Hafiz (1 326- 1389) suggests this line of reasoning: Chittor indeed lies in ruins, its inhabitants are indeed dead, but properly understood Chittor is the edifice of love, as proven by Padmavati’s resolve to commit sati for her dead beloved-and this edifice remains untouched. Thus, death and defeat are paradoxically the proofs of an ultimate victory.[13]
Death
It is believed Maharani Padmini performed Jauhar in 1303, the year Alauddin Khilji attacked Chittor.{[14]}. Jauhar (also spelled jowhar) is the act of self-immolation performed by women, most notably by the queens and royal ladies of the Rajput dynasty, in Rajasthan, after the death of their husbands at the hands of the enemy. These self immolation practices were to save oneself from being taken as a mistress or slave by the victor, which was not acceptable to the Rajputana Queens, for it symbolized the giving up of their self respect and pride which was of utmost importance to the Rajputs.
See also
References
- ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 83. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ a b c Meyer, William Stevenson; Burn, Richard; Cotton, James Sutherland; Risley, Herbert Hope (1909). "Vernacular Literature". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–431. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
- ^ "Padmini". Bharat Discovery. Bharatkosh.
- ^ "Padmini". Bharat Discovery. 2016 सर्वाधिकार सुरक्षित भारतकोश.
- ^ Ramananda Chatterjee. The Modern review , Volume 80. Prabasi Press Private, Ltd., 1946. p. 300.
- ^ "Rani Padmini & Alauddin Khilji : The saga of Love, Hate and Death [PART I]". Guardians of Legends.
{{cite web}}:|first1=missing|last1=(help) - ^ नागमती-सुवा-संवाद-खंड / मलिक मोहम्मद जायसी
- ^ a b c d "Rani Padmini- A legendary Beauty". Chittorgarh. Chittorgarh Infotech Pvt Ltd.
- ^ "Rani Padmini - A legendary beauty". Chittorgarh. Chittorgarh Infotech Pvt Ltd.
- ^ a b c "Padmini". Bharat Discovery.
- ^ "History of chittorgarh | Rani padmini". http://www.chittorgarh.com. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
{{cite web}}: External link in|publisher= - ^ Mathur, Pushpa rani (1994). Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar: With Patterns and Construction Techniques. Abhinav Publications.
- ^ a b c d e Phukan, Shantanu. "None Mad as a Hindu Woman": Contesting Communal Readings of Padmavat. Duke University Press.
- ^ Mathur, Pushpa Rani (1994). Costumes of the Rulers of Mewar: With Patterns and Construction Techniques. Abhinav Publications. p. 21.
External links
↑ 'Padmavat' (1540 AD Rcnakal.
↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Rani Padmini ( Hindi ) knowledge mirror. Retrieved Apral 28 , 2011 . ↑ 3.0 3.1 strategy a queen ( Hindi ) (HTM) Chandamama. Retrieved Apral 28 , 2011 .