# Regular graph

Graph families defined by their automorphisms
distance-transitive distance-regular strongly regular
symmetric (arc-transitive) t-transitive, t ≥ 2 skew-symmetric
(if connected)
vertex- and edge-transitive
edge-transitive and regular edge-transitive
vertex-transitive regular (if bipartite)
biregular
Cayley graph zero-symmetric asymmetric

In graph theory, a regular graph is a graph where each vertex has the same number of neighbors; i.e. every vertex has the same degree or valency. A regular directed graph must also satisfy the stronger condition that the indegree and outdegree of each vertex are equal to each other.[1] A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k. Also, from the handshaking lemma, a regular graph of odd degree will contain an even number of vertices.

Regular graphs of degree at most 2 are easy to classify: A 0-regular graph consists of disconnected vertices, a 1-regular graph consists of disconnected edges, and a 2-regular graph consists of a disjoint union of cycles and infinite chains.

A 3-regular graph is known as a cubic graph.

A strongly regular graph is a regular graph where every adjacent pair of vertices has the same number l of neighbors in common, and every non-adjacent pair of vertices has the same number n of neighbors in common. The smallest graphs that are regular but not strongly regular are the cycle graph and the circulant graph on 6 vertices.

The complete graph ${\displaystyle K_{m}}$ is strongly regular for any ${\displaystyle m}$.

A theorem by Nash-Williams says that every k‑regular graph on 2k + 1 vertices has a Hamiltonian cycle.

## Existence

It is well known[citation needed] that the necessary and sufficient conditions for a ${\displaystyle k}$ regular graph of order ${\displaystyle n}$ to exist are that ${\displaystyle n\geq k+1}$ and that ${\displaystyle nk}$ is even. In such case it is easy to construct regular graphs by considering appropriate parameters for circulant graphs.

## Algebraic properties

Let A be the adjacency matrix of a graph. Then the graph is regular if and only if ${\displaystyle {\textbf {j}}=(1,\dots ,1)}$ is an eigenvector of A.[2] Its eigenvalue will be the constant degree of the graph. Eigenvectors corresponding to other eigenvalues are orthogonal to ${\displaystyle {\textbf {j}}}$, so for such eigenvectors ${\displaystyle v=(v_{1},\dots ,v_{n})}$, we have ${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}v_{i}=0}$.

A regular graph of degree k is connected if and only if the eigenvalue k has multiplicity one. The "only if" direction is a consequence of the Perron–Frobenius theorem.[2]

There is also a criterion for regular and connected graphs : a graph is connected and regular if and only if the matrix of ones J, with ${\displaystyle J_{ij}=1}$, is in the adjacency algebra of the graph (meaning it is a linear combination of powers of A).[3]

Let G be a k-regular graph with diameter D and eigenvalues of adjacency matrix ${\displaystyle k=\lambda _{0}>\lambda _{1}\geq \cdots \geq \lambda _{n-1}}$. If G is not bipartite, then

${\displaystyle D\leq {\frac {\log {(n-1)}}{\log(\lambda _{0}/\lambda _{1})}}+1.}$[4]

## Generation

Regular graphs may be generated by the GenReg program.[5]