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Resource slack

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Resource slack, in the business and management literature, is the level of availability of a resource. Resource slack can be considered as the opposite of resource scarcity or resource constraints.

The availability of resources can therefore be defined in terms of resource slack versus constraints, as two ends of a continuum.[1] Resource slack then refers to the relative abundance of the resource, and resource constraints refer to its limited availability. However, the effects of both resource slack and resource constraints are ambiguous, as both can have both negative and positive consequences. Both new and established firms need resources for their survival,[2] growth[3] and sustainable competitive advantage.[4] Instead, severe resource constraints hinder the growth of firms and lower the probability of their survival.[5][6] However, resource constraints have also been observed to foster creativity[7][8] and force firms to deal with problems promptly.[9] Moreover, slack resources tend to improve firms’ financial performance,[10] serve to buffer environmental shocks and allow for more discretion and flexibility in responding to competitors.[11] However, large amounts of resources could also hinder the entrepreneurial process by impairing the firm's ability to identify new business opportunities.[12]

These contradictory potential outcomes of resource slack/constraints on creativity and performance have been explained in terms of an inverse U-shaped relationship and context-dependent effects,[13][14] in terms of the different resource categories in relation to different creativity aspects,[15] as well as the underlying dynamics of resource constraints and slack.[16] The latter dynamic perspective implies that, for example, entrepreneurs perceive resource constraints/slack as transient positions relative to their start-up’s own resource demands at any given moment.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Dolmans, S.A.M., I.M.M.J. Reymen, E. van Burg & A.G.L. Romme (2014), Dynamics of resource slack and constraints: Resource positions in action. Organization Studies, 35(4), 511-549.
  2. ^ Pfeffer, J. & G. R. Salancik (2003), The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  3. ^ Penrose, E. (1959), The theory of the growth of the firm. New York, NY: Wiley.
  4. ^ Barney, J.B. (1991), Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99 –120.
  5. ^ Becchetti, L. & G. Trovato (2002), The determinants of growth for small and medium sized firms: The role of the availability of external finance. Small Business Economics, 19(4), 291–306.
  6. ^ Musso, P. & S. Schiavo (2008), The impact of financial constraints on firm survival and growth. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 18(2), 135–149.
  7. ^ Hoegl, M., M. Gibbert & D. Mazursky (2008), Financial constraints in innovation projects: When is less more? Research Policy, 37(8), 1382–1391.
  8. ^ Moreau, C.P. & D.W. Dahl (2005), Designing the solution: The impact of constraints on consumers’ creativity. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 13–22.
  9. ^ Bhide, A. (1992), Bootstrap finance: the art of start-ups. Harvard Business Review, 70(6), 109-117.
  10. ^ Daniel, F., F.T. Lohrke, C.J. Fornaciari & R.A. Turner (2004), Slack resources and firm performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 565–574.
  11. ^ George, G. (2005), Slack resources and the performance of privately held firms. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4), 661–676.
  12. ^ Mosakowski, E. (2002), Overcoming resource disadvantages in entrepreneurial firms: When less is more. In: M.A. Hitt, R.D. Ireland, S.M. Camp & D.L. Saxton (eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  13. ^ Bradley, S.W., J. Wiklund & D.A. Shepherd (2011), Swinging a double-edged sword: The effect of slack on entrepreneurial management and growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(5), 537–554.
  14. ^ Hvide, H.K. & J. Møen (2010), Lean and hungry or fat and content? Entrepreneurs’ wealth and start-up performance. Management Science, 56(8), 1242–1258.
  15. ^ Van Burg, E., Podoynitsyna, K., Beck, L., & Lommelen, T. (2012), Directive deficiencies: How resource constraints direct opportunity identification in SMEs. "Journal of Product Innovation Management", 29(6), 1000–1011.
  16. ^ Nohria, N. & R. Gulati (1996), Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1245–1264.
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