Russian federal highways (Russian: Автомобильные дороги федерального значения Российской Федерации or Avtomobil'nye dorogi federal'nogo znacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii, meaning "Highways of federal importance in Russian Federation") are the most important highways in Russia which are the federal property. The following motorways are designated as federal.[1][2]
All highways
which connect Moscow with the capitals of the neighbouring countries and with the administrative centres of the subjects of the Russian Federation. They are identified by the prefix "M" in the national route signs;
which are parts of the international road networks: European and Asian, identified by prefixes "E" and "AH" in the international route signs used simultaneously with the national route signs.
Some highways
which connect administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation with each other (national route sign prefix "P")
which are branching and bridging roads (national prefix "A"):
access roads that lead to major transportation nodes and special objects
access roads from the administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation which has no highway connection with Moscow to the nearest sea and river ports and to the international borders.
which interlink other federal highways.
The federal highways are classified in Russia into two categories: "motorways/Avtomagistral" (Russian: магистральная автомобильная дорога, автомагистраль, not the same as the English term motorway) and "other".
A-119: Medvezhyegorsk - Pudozh - Vitegra - Vologda; former P5
A-120: Kirovsk - Mga - Gatchina - Bol’shaya Izhora (Saint Petersburg Southern Half Ring Road)
A-121 "Sortavala": Saint Petersburg - Sortavala to route P21 "Kola"; former A129
A-129: Saint Petersburg - Priozersk - Sortavala - Petrozavodsk; redesignated as A121
A-130: Moscow - Maloyaroslavets - Roslavl to the border with Belarus; former A101
A-131: Access roads from route A130 to holiday resort "Arkhangelsk"; to household plot "Voskresenskoe"; to the sanatorium and holiday resort "Desna"; designation cancelled in 2013 and transferred to state ownership
A-132: Smolensk to route M1 "Belarus"
A-133: Lipetsk to route M4 "Don"
A-134: Voronezh to route M4 "Don"
A-135: Rostov-on-Don to route M4 "Don"
A-136: Krasnodar to route M4 "Don"
A-138: Murmansk - Sputnik - Pechenga
A-141: Orel-Bryansk highway to route M3 "Ukraine"
A-141: Bryansk - Smolensk to the border with Belarus (onto Rudnev, Vitebsk), Entrance to the city of Smolensk; redesignated as P120
A-142: Trosna - Kalinovka
A-144: Kursk - Voronezh - Borisoglebsk to route M6 "Caspian"; redesignated as P298
A-146: Krasnodar - Verkhnebakansky
A-147: Dzhubga - Sochi - border with Georgia (Abkhazia); former M27
A-148 "Understudy Resort Prospect": Route A147 - Sochi, a motorway under construction
A-148: Route M27 (Adler) - Krasnaya Polyana; redesignated as A149
A-149: Adler - Krasnaya Polyana; former A148
A-151: Tsivilsk - Ulyanovsk
A-153: Nytva - Kudymkar; former 1P-344
A-154: Urvan’ - Verkhnyaya Balkariya - Ushtulu; former P291
A-154: Astrakhan - Elista - Stavropol; redesignated as P216
A-155 "Sukhumi Military Road": Vladikavkaz - Karachaevsk - Dombay - border with Georgia (onto Abkhazia)
A-156: Lermontov - Cherkessk; redesignated as A165
A-156: Access roads from A155 to international holiday resort "Arkhyz" and the specialized Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences
A-157: Mineral’nye Vody Airport - Kislovodsk
A-158: Prokhladnyy - Baksan - El’brus
A-159: Maikop - Guzeripl’ - Caucasian state Biosphere Reserve; former P254
A-160: Maikop - Ust’-Labinsk - Korenovsk; former 1P-253
A-161: Vladikavkaz - Nizhniy Lars to the border with Georgia; former P301
A-162: Vladikavkaz - Alagir; former P297
A-163: Vladikavkaz Airport to route P217 "Kavkaz"
A-164: Kultuk - Mondy to the border with Mongolia; redesignated as A333
A-164 "Transkam": Kardzhin - Alagir - Nizhniy Zaramag - South Ossetia; former P297 and P298
A-165: Route P297 "Baikal" (Ulan-Ude) - Kyakhta to the border with Mongolia; redesignated as A340
A-165: Lermontov - Cherkessk; former A156
A-166: Chita-Zabaikalsk to the border with the People's Republic of China; redesignated as A350
A-167: Kochubey - Neftekumsk - Zelenokumsk - Mineral’nye Vody; former P263 and P285
A-180 "Narva": Saint Petersburg - Ivangorod to the border with Estonia; former M11 "Narva"
A-181 "Scandinavia": Saint Petersburg - Vyborg to the border with Finland; also designated as M10
A-212: Pskov - Izborsk to the border with Estonia (onto Riga)
A-216: Gvardeisk - Neman to the border with Lithuania (onto Siauliai, Jelgava, Rigu)
^A Russian decree of December 24 1991 (RSFSR) about the list of federal highways, with subsequent amendments by the Russian Federation (Постановление Правительства РСФСР от 24 декабря 1991 г. N 62 "Об утверждении перечней федеральных дорог в РСФСР" (Russian)