Same-sex adoption in Europe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

Adoption by LGBT people in Europe differs in legal recognition from country to country. Full joint adoption or step-child adoption or both is legal in 22 of the 56 European countries, and in all dependent territories.

Full joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in nineteen European countries, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. San Marino permits step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner. In Italy stepchild adoption has been recognized by courts since 2016 after the Supreme Court of Cassation stated that a couple in a civil union can adopt their partner’s child.

In dependent territories, joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Guernsey, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, the Isle of Man and Jersey. Several countries are currently considering permitting full joint or step-child adoption by same-sex couples.

Current situation[edit]

Joint adoption[edit]

Jurisdiction Entry into force Notes
[1] Andorra Andorra 25 December 2014
[2] Austria Austria 1 January 2016
[3] Belgium Belgium 30 June 2006
[4] Croatia Croatia 26 May 2022
  • First instance decision 5 May 2021, 26 May 2022 High Administrative Court rejects Ministry appeal.
[5] Denmark Denmark 1 July 2010
[8] Estonia Estonia 1 January 2016
  • Only parties to a cohabitation agreement or marriage (beginning 1 Jan 2024) may adopt
[9] Finland Finland 1 March 2017
[10] France France 18 May 2013
  • Also applies to all French overseas territories
[11] Germany Germany 1 October 2017
[12] Greece Greece 16 February 2024
[13] Iceland Iceland 27 June 2006
[14] Republic of Ireland Ireland 6 May 2016
[15] Liechtenstein Liechtenstein 1 June 2023
[16] Luxembourg Luxembourg 1 January 2015
[17] Malta Malta 17 April 2014
[18][19] Netherlands Netherlands 1 April 2001
  • The law initially applied to the European Netherlands only.
  • In 2012 its scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
[20] Norway Norway 1 January 2009
[21] Portugal Portugal 1 March 2016
[22][23] Slovenia Slovenia 8 July 2022
  • The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs stated that the existing law allowed for second-parent adoption beginning in July 2011.
  • In 2022, the Constitutional Court made separate rulings legalising same-sex marriage and joint couple adoption.
[24] Spain Spain 3 July 2005
[25] Sweden Sweden 1 February 2003
[26][27] Switzerland Switzerland 1 July 2022
[28][29] United Kingdom United Kingdom 7 November 2002
  • The law initially applied to England and Wales only.
  • In Scotland a separate law came into force on 28 September 2009.[30]
  • In Northern Ireland since 11 December 2013[31]
  • In Isle of Man since 2 April 2011[32]
  • In Jersey since 2 April 2012[33]
  • In Gibraltar since 28 March 2014[34]
  • In Guernsey since 3 April 2017[35]

Non-European Territories:

  • In both Bermuda and the Pitcairn Islands since 2015.[36][37][38]
  • In the Falkland Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha since 2017.[39]
  • The Cayman Islands since 2020.
  • Not available in other overseas territories

Step-child adoption[edit]

Jurisdiction Entry into force Notes
San Marino San Marino 11 February 2019
  • Parties in a civil union may adopt stepchildren only

In Italy step-child adoption has been admitted by case law since 2016 and can be granted by court order.[40]

Public opinion[edit]

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics.[41]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
Country Pollster Year For Against Don't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
 Austria Eurobarometer 2023 65%[42] 30% 5%
 Belgium Ipsos 2021 72%[43] 21% 7%
 Bulgaria Eurobarometer 2006 12%[44] 68%[44] 20%[44]
 Cyprus Eurobarometer 2006 10%[44] 86%[44] 4%[44]
Czech Republic Czech Republic CVVM 2019 47%[45] 47% 6%
 Denmark Pew Research Center 2017 75%[46] - -
 Estonia HumanrightsEE 2023 47%[47] 44%[47] 9%[47]
 Finland Taloustutkimus 2013 51%[48] 42%[48] 7%[48]
 France Ipsos 2021 62%[43] 29% 10%
 Germany Ipsos 2021 69%[43] 24% 6%
 Greece KAPA Research 2023 53%[49] 41%[49] 6%[49]
 Hungary Ipsos 2021 59% [43] 36% 5%
 Ireland Red C Poll 2011 60%[50] - -
 Italy Eurispes 2023 50.4% [51] 49.6% 0%
 Latvia SKDS 2023 27%[52] 23%[52] 46%[52]
 Lithuania Eurobarometer 2006 12%[44] 82%[44] 6%[44]
 Luxembourg Politmonitor 2013 55%[53] 44%[53] 1%[53]
 Malta Misco 2014 20%[54] 80%[54] -
 Netherlands Ipsos 2021 83%[43] 12% 5%
 Norway YouGov 2012 54%[55] 34%[55] 12%[55]
 Poland Ipsos 2021 33%[43] 58% 10%
 Portugal Pew Research Center 2017 59%[56] 28%[56] 13%[56]
 Romania Eurobarometer 2006 8%[44] 82%[44] 10%[44]
 Russia Ipsos 2021 23%[43] 67% 10%
 Serbia Civil Rights Defenders 2020 22.5%[57] - -
 Slovakia Eurobarometer 2006 12%[44] 84%[44] 4%[44]
 Slovenia Delo Stik 2015 38%[58] 55%[58] 7%[58]
 Spain Ipsos 2021 77%[43] 17% 6%
 Sweden Ipsos 2021 79%[43] 17% 4%
  Switzerland Pink Cross 2020 67%[59] 30%[59] 3%[59]
 Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine 2013 7%[60] 68%[60] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions[60]
 United Kingdom Ipsos 2021 72%[43] 19% 9%

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995". Bopa.ad. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  2. ^ "Homosexuelle dürfen künftig adoptieren – ohne Gesetzesnovelle - Homosexualität und Homophobie - derStandard.at › Panorama". Der Standard. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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  4. ^ "Sud donio povijesnu odluku: Istospolne partnere više se ne smije diskriminirati kod posvajanja djece [Court reaches historic decision, same-sex couples can no longer be discriminated regarding adoption]". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  5. ^ "Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag - Udvidet adgang for registrerede partnere til adoption og overførsel af forældremyndighed m.v." Retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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  24. ^ "Documento BOE-A-2005-11364". BOE.es. 16 July 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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  36. ^ Johnston-Barnes, Owain. "Adoption hope for same-sex couples - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Court". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  37. ^ "GayLawNet ®™ - Laws - Bermuda - BM". Gaylawnet.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  38. ^ "GayLawNet®™ - Laws - Pitcairn - PN". Gaylawnet.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  39. ^ "GayLawNet®™ - Laws - Falkland Islands - FK". Gaylawnet.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
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  42. ^ https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2972
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  46. ^ Gianni Balduzzi (23 July 2018). "Sondaggi politici, italiani tra i più contrari in Europa alle adozioni gay" [Political polls find Italians among the most against gay adoptions in Europe]. Termometro Politico (in Italian). Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  47. ^ a b c "Avaliku arvamuse uuring LGBT teemadel (2023)" (PDF).
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  49. ^ a b c "Nearly 55% of Greeks support gay marriage and 53% adoption, poll finds". ekathimerini.com. 16 January 2024.
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  52. ^ a b c "Teju trešdaļai Latvijas iedzīvotāju atbalstoša attieksme pret LGBTQ, liecina aptauja (2023)".
  53. ^ a b c "Politmonitor: Breite Mehrheit für Homo-Ehe". Politmonitor. Luxemburger Wort. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  54. ^ a b Sansone, Kurt (12 January 2014). "Survey – 80 per cent against gay adoption". Times of Malta. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  55. ^ a b c "Le mariage et l'adoption pour tous, un an après" (PDF). YouGov. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
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  57. ^ "Attitudes towards LGBTI+ rights and issues in Serbia" (PDF). Civil Rights Defenders. 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
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