# Schwartz space

In mathematics, Schwartz space is the function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing (defined rigorously below). This space has the important property that the Fourier transform is an automorphism on this space. This property enables one, by duality, to define the Fourier transform for elements in the dual space of S, that is, for tempered distributions. The Schwartz space was named in honour of Laurent Schwartz by Alexander Grothendieck.[1] A function in the Schwartz space is sometimes called a Schwartz function.

A two-dimensional Gaussian function is an example of a rapidly decreasing function.

## Definition

The Schwartz space or space of rapidly decreasing functions on Rn is the function space

${\displaystyle S\left(\mathbf {R} ^{n}\right)=\left\{f\in C^{\infty }(\mathbf {R} ^{n}):\|f\|_{\alpha ,\beta }<\infty \quad \forall \alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {N} ^{n}\right\},}$

where α, β are multi-indices, C(Rn) is the set of smooth functions from Rn to C, and

${\displaystyle \|f\|_{\alpha ,\beta }=\sup _{x\in \mathbf {R} ^{n}}\left|x^{\alpha }D^{\beta }f(x)\right|.}$

Here, sup denotes the supremum, and we again use multi-index notation.

To put common language to this definition, one could consider a rapidly decreasing function as essentially a function f(x) such that f(x), f′(x), f′′(x), ... all exist everywhere on R and go to zero as x → ±∞ faster than any inverse power of x. In particular, S(Rn) is a subspace of the function space C(Rn) of infinitely differentiable functions.

## Examples of functions in the Schwartz space

• If i is a multi-index, and a is a positive real number, then
${\displaystyle x^{i}e^{-a|x|^{2}}\in S(\mathbf {R} ^{n}).}$
• Any smooth function f with compact support is in S(Rn). This is clear since any derivative of f is continuous and supported in the support of f, so (xαDβ) f has a maximum in Rn by the extreme value theorem.

## Properties

• S(Rn) is a Fréchet space over the complex numbers.
• From Leibniz' rule, it follows that S(Rn) is also closed under pointwise multiplication: if f, gS(Rn), then fgS(Rn).
• If 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, then S(Rn) ⊂ Lp(Rn).
• The space of all bump functions, C
c
(Rn), is included in S(Rn).
• The Fourier transform is a linear isomorphism S(Rn) → S(Rn).
• If fS(R), then f is uniformly continuous on R.