# Screw turbine

Reverse action of the "Archimedean screw", the principle of the "screw turbine" gaining energy from water flowing down through the screw.
Screw turbines typically have three or four flights (second row)
Two parallel screw turbines capable of producing 75 kW each, in Monmouth, Wales
Video of a 40 kW screw turbine in Munich, Germany

The screw turbine or Archimedean turbine is a water turbine which uses the principle of the Archimedean screw to convert the potential energy of water on an upstream level into work. It may be compared to the water wheel. The turbine consists of a rotor in the shape of an Archimedean screw which rotates in a semicircular trough. Water flows into the turbine and its weight presses down onto the blades of the turbine, which in turn forces the turbine to turn. Water flows freely off the end of the turbine into the river. The upper end of the screw is connected to a generator through a gearbox.

## History

A screw turbine at a small hydro power plant in Goryn, Poland.

The Archimedean screw is an ancient invention, attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC.), and commonly used to raise water from a watercourse for irrigation purposes. In 1819 the French engineer Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785–1836) suggested using the Archimedean screw as a type of water wheel. In 1916 William Moerscher applied for a U.S. patent on the hydrodynamic screw turbine.[1]

## Application

12 kW screw turbine at the Cragside estate

The Archimedean screw turbine is applied on rivers with a relatively low head (from 0.1 m to 10 m)[2] and on low flows (0.01 m³/s up to around 10 m³/s on one turbine). Due to the construction and slow movement of the blades of the turbine, the turbine is considered to be friendly to aquatic wildlife. It is often labelled as "fish friendly". The Archimedean turbine may be used in situations where there is a stipulation for the preservation and care of the environment and wildlife.

## Design

An Archimedes Screw Turbine (AST) hydroelectricity powerplant can be considered as a system with three major components: a reservoir, a weir, and the AST (which is connected to the system by a control gate and trash rack).[2] At most real AST locations, the incoming flow must be divided between the AST and a parallel weir. Typically, a minimum flow over the weir is mandated for the protection of the local environment. Other outlets as well as a fish ladder could be considered as the other components of this system.[2] A comprehensive guide about the principles of designing Archimedes screw turbines and screw hydropower plants is available in "Archimedes Screw Turbines: A Sustainable Development Solution for Green and Renewable Energy Generation—A Review of Potential and Design Procedures".[2]

### Flow Rate Model

To design Archimedes screw turbines and hydropower plants, it is essential to estimate the amount of water is passing through the screw turbine since the amount of power generated by an Archimedes screw turbine is proportional to the volume flow rate of water through it.[2] The volume of water that enters an Archimedes screw turbine depends on the inlet water depth and the screw's rotation speed.[3] To estimates the total flow rate passing through an Archimedes screw turbine for different rotation speeds (ω) and inlet water levels the following equation could be used:[2][3]

${\displaystyle Q=\alpha Q_{Max}(A_{E}/A_{Max})^{\beta }(\omega /\omega _{M})^{\gamma }}$

Where ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, ${\displaystyle \beta }$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ are constants related to the screw properties. Preliminary investigations suggest that ${\displaystyle \alpha =1.242}$ , ${\displaystyle \beta =1.311}$ , and ${\displaystyle \gamma =0.822}$ give reasonable predictions of ${\displaystyle Q}$ for a wide range of small to full-scale AST sizes.[2][3]

## Examples

### In the United States

• The first Archimedes screw turbine was installed in Canada in 2013 near Waterford, Ontario.[2]

## Literature

• P. J. Kantert: Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-88721-896-6
• P. J. Kantert: Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe. Hirthammer Verlag 2008, ISBN 978-3-88721-202-5
• William Moerscher - Patent US1434138
• K. Brada, K.-A. Radlik - Water Screw Motor to Micro Power Plant - First Experiences of Construction and Operation (1998)
• K. Brada - Micro Power Plant with Water Screw Motor (1995)
• K. Brada, K.-A. Radlik - Water Power Screw - Characteristic and Use (1996)
• K. Brada, K.-A. Radlik, (1996). Water screw motor for micropower plant. 6th Intl. Symp. Heat exchange and renewable energy sources, 43–52, W. Nowak, ed. Wydaw Politechniki Szczecińskiej, Szczecin, Poland.

## References

1. ^ William Moerscher, Water-power system, U.S. Patent 1,434,138, granted Oct 31, 1922.
2. YoosefDoost, Arash; Lubitz, William David (2020). "Archimedes Screw Turbines: A Sustainable Development Solution for Green and Renewable Energy Generation—A Review of Potential and Design Procedures". Sustainability. 12 (18): 7352. doi:10.3390/su12187352. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
3. ^ a b c YoosefDoost, Arash; Lubitz, William David (2021), Ting, David S.-K.; Vasel-Be-Hagh, Ahmad (eds.), "Development of an Equation for the Volume of Flow Passing Through an Archimedes Screw Turbine", Sustaining Tomorrow, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 17–37, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64715-5_2, ISBN 978-3-030-64714-8, retrieved 2021-02-09
4. ^ "Woolston | Planning Application". Warrington Borough Council. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
5. ^ "Woolston | Project Overview". renfin.eu. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
6. ^ "Woolston | Local News Items". Warrington Worldwide. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
7. ^ "Totnes | MannPower Consulting". www.mannpower-hydro.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
8. ^ "Romney | MannPower Consulting". www.mannpower-hydro.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
9. ^ "Bealeys Weir | MannPower Consulting". www.mannpower-hydro.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
10. "Hydro Power Case Studies, Micro-Hydro Case Studies - Western Renewable Energy". www.westernrenew.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
11. ^ "Hydropower returns to Cragside". National Trust. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
12. ^ Andrew Ragall, Ancient technology in Meriden's Hannover Pond dam begins generating electricity, Meriden Record Journal, April 27, 2017.
13. ^ New England Hydropower Energizes First Archimedes Screw Turbine in U.S., PR Newswire, April 27, 2017.