# Sigma coordinate system

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A cross-section of the atmosphere over terrain with a sigma-coordinate representation shown. Mesoscale models divide the atmosphere vertically using representations similar to the one shown here.

The sigma coordinate system is a common coordinate system used in computational models for oceanography, meteorology and other fields where fluid dynamics are relevant.[1] This coordinate system receives its name from the independent variable ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ used to represent a scaled pressure level.

Models that use a sigma coordinate system include the Princeton Ocean Model (POM),[2] the COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for REgioNal Shelf seas (COHERENS)[1], the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System, and various other numerical weather prediction models.

## Description

Pressure at a height ${\displaystyle p}$ may be scaled with the surface pressure ${\displaystyle p_{0}}$, or less often with the pressure at the top of the defined domain ${\displaystyle p_{T}}$.[3] The sigma value at the scale reference is by definition 1: i.e., if surface-scaled, ${\displaystyle \sigma _{0}=1}$.

In a sigma coordinate system, if the sigma scale is divided equally, then at every point on the surface, each vertical layer above that point has the same thickness. The thickness of each layer decreases with surface altitude, being compressed together as the total vertical range is reduced.

The sigma coordinate system allows surfaces to follow model terrain; where terrain is sharply sloped, so are the sigma surfaces. This allows for continuous fields, such as temperature, to be represented especially smoothly at the lowest layers in the model. Further, with the exponential decaying nature of density within the atmosphere, sigma coordinates provide a greater vertical resolution near the surface. The sloping nature of the coordinate surfaces does require additional interpolation of the pressure gradient force, and the smoothing of terrain can often cause it to extend beyond the true boundaries of land.

## Sigma coordinate hybrids

### Hybrid sigma-pressure

Some atmospheric models use a hybrid sigma-pressure coordinate scheme, combining sigma-denominated layers at the bottom (following terrain) with isobaric (pressure-denominated) layers aloft. The isobaric upper layers are generally more numerically tractable (since flatter), and specifically more tractable for radiative transfer calculations (important for assimilating satellite radiance observations). Some models (e.g., the 2009 NAM) have a pure sigma domain at the bottom and a fixed transition level, above which all layers are exactly isobaric. Other models (e.g., GFS) gradually transition from sigma to isobaric, which avoids numerical artifacts at the transition level.

### Hybrid sigma-density

Some oceanographic models uses coordinates which similarly transition from density (isopycnic) to sigma coordinates in shallow coastal shelf regions.

## References

1. ^ Janjic, Zavisa; Gall, Robert; Pyle, Matthew E. (February 2010). "Scientific Documentation for the NMM Solver" (PDF). National Center for Atmospheric Research. pp. 12–13. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
2. ^ The Princeton Ocean Model, The Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (AOS), Princeton University, retrieved 2010-11-13
3. ^ Pielke, Roger A. (2002). Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling. Academic Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 0-12-554766-8.