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Sun temple

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For other uses, including uses of Temple of the Sun, see Sun temple (disambiguation).
"Solar temple" redirects here. For the secret society, see Order of the Solar Temple.
The 11th century Suryanar temple dedicated to the Hindu Sun-god Surya is still in active worship.

A sun temple (or solar temple) is a building used for religious or spiritual activities, such as prayer and sacrifice, dedicated to the sun or a solar deity. Such temples were built by a number different cultures and are distributed around the world including in India,[1] China, Egypt, Japan and Peru. Some of the temples are in ruins, undergoing excavation, preservation or restoration and a few are listed as World Heritage Sites individually or as part of a larger site, such as Konark.[2]

China

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West Holy Gate, Temple of the Sun (Beijing)

The Temple of the Sun in Beijing, China, was built in 1530 during the Ming dynasty by the Jiajing Emperor,[3] together with new temples dedicated to the Earth and the Moon, and an expansion of the Temple of Heaven.[3][4] The Temple of the Sun was used by the imperial court for elaborate acts of worship involving fasting, prayers, dancing and animal sacrifices, as part of a year-long cycle of ceremonies involving all the temples.[5] An important element was the colour red, which was associated with the Sun, including red utensils for food and wine offerings, and red clothes for the emperor to wear during the ceremonies.[5] The temple is now part of a public park.[6]

Egypt

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Main article: Egyptian sun temple
A plan of Userkaf's temple

In ancient Egypt, there were a number of sun temples. Among these old monuments is the Great Temple of Ramses at Abu Simbel,[7] and complexes built by the Fifth Dynasty, of which only two examples survive, that of Userkaf and of Niuserre.[8] The Fifth Dynasty temples usually had three components, a main temple building at a higher elevation, accessed by a causeway, from a much smaller entrance building.[9] In 2006, archaeologists found ruins underneath a market in Cairo, which could possibly be the largest temple built by Ramesses II.[10][11]

India

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See also: Solar deity § Hinduism
Surya Sun temples of the Indian subcontinent
Martand Sun Temple Central shrine, dedicated to the deity Surya. The temple complex was built by the third ruler of the Karkota dynasty, Emperor Lalitaditya Muktapida, in the 8th century CE. It is one of the largest temple complex on the Indian subcontinent.
Konark Sun Temple at Konark, Odisha, built by Emperor Narasingha Deva I (1238–1264 CE) of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, it is now a World Heritage Site.
Sun Temple of Modhera, with stepwell surrounding the Kunda (tank), was built by Bhima I of Chaulukya dynasty in 1026 CE. It is one of the finest example of stepwell architecture of Gujarat.
Katarmal Sun Temple constructed by the Katyuri Kings in the 9th century CE.

The sun temples of the Indian subcontinent are dedicated to the Hindu deity Surya,[12] with the most prominent among them being the Konark Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[13][14] at Konark in Odisha and the Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat, built in 1026–1027. Both are now ruins, having been destroyed by invading Muslim armies. Konark was constructed around 1250, by Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty.[15][16] Surya was an important deity in early Hinduism, but sun worship largely declined as a principal deity around the 12th century. In Manipuri mythology, the sun god Korouhanba is the synonym of the Hindu deity Surya. Other Surya or sun temples in the Indian subcontinent include:

Inca empire

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Qurikancha with Convent of Santo Domingo above
The base of the circular tower of the Inca Muyuq Marka still remains

The following are Pre-Columbian temples of Inti (the Inca god Sun):

Others

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There are also sun temple sites in a number of other countries:

  • In the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, United States, there is a structure which may have been used as a sun temple by the Pueblo culture,[36] with construction thought to have begun in 1275 AD,[37] although it does not seem to have been completed.[38]

Other usages

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The name Temple of the Sun or Sun Temple was given to a folly which stood in Kew Gardens from 1761 until 1916. It was designed and built by William Chambers, who also planted a cedar tree next to the structure earlier, in 1725. In 1916, a storm brought down the cedar tree, which destroyed the folly in the process.[39]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "सुमेरा के विख्यात सूर्य मंदिर में हज़ारों की संख्या में व्रतियों ने मनाया छठी मइया का महाव्रत". The Ganga Times. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Sun Temple, Konârak". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  4. ^ Yanxin Cai (2011). Chinese Architecture. Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
  5. ^ a b "Traditional life in China: Ruling". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  6. ^ "A man walks across a frozen pond at Ritan Park". Times of India. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  7. ^ "Pharaonic monuments in Aswan". State Information Service, Egypt. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  8. ^ Ronald J. Leprohon, ed. (2005). Texts from the Pyramid Age. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 86. ISBN 9004130489.
  9. ^ Kathryn A. Bard, ed. (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 9780203982839.
  10. ^ Stefan Lovgren (1 March 2006). "Giant Ancient Egyptian Sun Temple Discovered in Cairo". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  11. ^ "Ancient sun temple uncovered in Cairo". NBC News. 28 February 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  12. ^ A. Bhatnagar; William Livingston; W. C. Livingston (2005). Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy. World Scientific Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 9789812567871.
  13. ^ Robert Ebersole (1957). Black Pagoda. University of Florida Press. p. 7. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  14. ^ "Official website". Tourism Department, Government of Odisha. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  15. ^ Robert Ebersole (1957). Black Pagoda. University of Florida Press. p. 34. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  16. ^ "Fall of Konark". Tourism Department, Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  17. ^ "Sun rays touch Arasavalli deity". The Hindu. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  18. ^ "Modhera sun temple". Gujarat Tourism. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  19. ^ Archaeology in India. Archaeological Survey of India. 1950. p. 101.
  20. ^ "District Anantnag". Anantnag District Administration. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  21. ^ यह है मरखेड़ा का सूर्य मंदिर,पुरातत्व विभाग की अनदेखी से प्रतिमाएं हो रहीं दुर्दशा का शिकार, Dainik Bhaskar, accessed 30 aug 2021.
  22. ^ "A Little Known Sun Temple At Palia" (PDF). Government of Odisha. April 2006. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  23. ^ Sajwan, Venita (17 August 2002). "A lesser-known sun temple at Katarmal". The Tribune. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  24. ^ "Katarmal Sun temple, Almora". Nainital Tourism. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  25. ^ "Sun Temple at Katarmal". Huntington Archive. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  26. ^ Venita Sajwan (17 August 2002). "A lesser-known sun temple at Katarmal". The Tribune, online edition. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  27. ^ Journal of Indian history: golden jubilee volume. T. K. Ravindran, University of Kerala. Dept. of History. 1973. p. 362.
  28. ^ A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West ..., Volume 1 By H.A. Rose. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1997. p. 489. ISBN 9788185297682.
  29. ^ Carolyn Dean (2010). A Culture of Stone: Inka Perspectives on Rock. Duke University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0822393177.
  30. ^ "Non-Western — Temple of the Sun". California State University, Los Angeles. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Temple of the Sun". Unaahil B'aak:The Temples of Palenque. Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  32. ^ Ker Than (20 July 2012). ""Dramatic" New Maya Temple Found, Covered With Giant Faces". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  33. ^ Brian Bocking (2004), The meanings of Shinto (PDF), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, p. 267, retrieved 13 January 2014
  34. ^ "Sengū Renewal of the Ise Shrine in 2013: Tradition and Rituals". School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  35. ^ "Amano-iwato Shrine". Japan National Tourism Organization. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  36. ^ J. McKim Malville; Claudia Putnam (1993). Prehistoric Astronomy in the Southwest. Johnson Books. p. 91.
  37. ^ P. Charbonneau; O.R. White & T.J. Bogdan. "Solar Astronomy in the Prehistoric Southwest". High Altitude Observatory, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  38. ^ "Sun Temple". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  39. ^ Blomfield, David (1994). Kew Past. Phillimore & Co. Ltd. p. 119. ISBN 0-85033-923-5.
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