Sorghum
| Sorghum | |
|---|---|
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| Sorghum bicolor | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
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| Genus: | Sorghum |
| Type species | |
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Conrad Moench
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| Synonyms[1] | |
Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae. Seventeen of the twenty-five species are native to Australia,[2] with the range of some extending to Africa, Asia, Mesoamerica, and certain islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[3][4][5][6][7][8]
One species is grown for grain, while many others are used as fodder plants, either cultivated in warm climates worldwide or naturalized, in pasture lands.[9] Sorghum is in the subfamily Panicoideae and the tribe Andropogoneae (the tribe of big bluestem and sugarcane).
Cultivation and uses
One species, Sorghum bicolor,[10] native to Africa with many cultivated forms now,[11] is an important crop worldwide, used for food (as grain and in sorghum syrup or "sorghum molasses"), animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Most varieties are drought- and heat-tolerant, and are especially important in arid regions, where the grain is one of the staples for poor and rural people. These varieties form important components of pastures in many tropical regions. S. bicolor is an important food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia, and is the fifth-most important cereal crop grown in the world.[12]
Some species of sorghum can contain levels of hydrogen cyanide, hordenine, and nitrates lethal to grazing animals in the early stages of the plants' growth. When stressed by drought or heat, plants can also contain toxic levels of cyanide and/or nitrates at later stages in growth.[13]
Another Sorghum species, Johnson grass (S. halapense), is classified as an invasive species in the US by the Department of Agriculture.[14]
Research
Sorghum is efficient in converting solar energy to chemical energy, and also uses less water compared to other grain crops.[15][16] Biofuel, using sweet sorghum as a high sugar content from its stalk for ethanol production, is being developed with biomass which can be turned into charcoal, syngas, and bio-oil.[17][18]
Nutrition
A 100 gram amount of raw sorghum provides 329 calories, 72% carbohydrates, 4% fat, and 11% protein (table). Sorghum supplies numerous essential nutrients in rich content (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV), including protein; fiber; the B vitamins niacin, thiamin and vitamin B6; and several dietary minerals, including iron (26% DV) and manganese (76% DV) (table). Sorghum nutrient contents generally are similar to those of raw oats (see nutrition table). Among other similarities to oats, sorghum contains no gluten, making it useful for gluten-free diets.
Diversity
- Accepted species[19]
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 1,377 kJ (329 kcal) |
72.1 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 6.7 g |
3.5 g | |
10.6 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 28% 0.33 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 8% 0.1 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 23% 3.7 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 8% 0.4 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 26% 0.44 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 5% 20 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 1% 13 mg |
| Iron | 19% 3.4 mg |
| Magnesium | 39% 165 mg |
| Manganese | 70% 1.6 mg |
| Phosphorus | 23% 289 mg |
| Potassium | 12% 363 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
| Zinc | 15% 1.7 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[20] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[21] | |
- Formerly included[citation needed]
Many species once considered part of Sorghum, but now considered better suited to other genera include: Andropogon, Arthraxon, Bothriochloa, Chrysopogon, Cymbopogon, Danthoniopsis, Dichanthium, Diectomis, Diheteropogon, Exotheca, Hyparrhenia, Hyperthelia, Monocymbium, Parahyparrhenia, Pentameris, Pseudosorghum, Schizachyrium, and Sorghastrum.
See also
- 3-Deoxyanthocyanidin
- Apigeninidin
- Baijiu – Chinese alcoholic beverage distilled from sorghum
- List of antioxidants in food
- Millet
- Push–pull technology pest control strategy for maize and sorghum
References
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ Sally L. Dillon, Peter K. Lawrence, Robert J. Henry, Larry Ross, H. James Price, J. Spencer Johnston. "Sorghum laxiflorum and S. macrospermum, the Australian native species most closely related to the cultivated S. bicolor based on ITS1 and ndhF sequence analysis of 25 Sorghum species". SOUTHERN CROSS PLANT SCIENCE. Southern Cross University. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Moench, Conrad. 1794. Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis : a staminum situ describendi page 207 in Latin
- ^ Tropicos, Sorghum Moench
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 600 高粱属 gao liang shu Sorghum Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794
- ^ "Sorghum in Flora of Pakistan @ efloras.org". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Sorghum
- ^ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Sorghum - Atlas of Living Australia". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Sorghum". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ Mutegi, Evans; Sagnard, Fabrice; Muraya, Moses; Kanyenji, Ben; Rono, Bernard; Mwongera, Caroline; Marangu, Charles; Kamau, Joseph; Parzies, Heiko; de Villiers, Santie; Semagn, Kassa; Traoré, Pierre; Labuschagne, Maryke (2010-02-01). "Ecogeographical distribution of wild, weedy and cultivated Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in Kenya: implications for conservation and crop-to-wild gene flow". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 57 (2): 243–253. doi:10.1007/s10722-009-9466-7.
- ^ "Sorghum bicolor in Flora of China @ efloras.org". Retrieved 4 September 2016.
- ^ "Sorghum". New World Encyclopedia. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ Cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate in sorghum crops - managing the risks. Primary industries and fisheries. Queensland Government. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/4790_20318.htm. 21 April 2011.
- ^ Johnson Grass, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Accessed 2257 UDT, 12 March 2009.
- ^ "HudsonAlpha and collaborators expand sorghum research program - HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology". HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology. 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
- ^ Dweikat, Ismail (2017). "Sweet sorghum is a drought-tolerant feedstock with the potential to produce more ethanol/acre than corn". Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
- ^ "Purdue leading research using advanced technologies to better grow sorghum as biofuel". Purdue University, Agriculture News. June 2015. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
- ^ "Sweet Sorghum for Biofuel Production". eXtension. 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
- ^ "The Plant List: Sorghum". Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World: The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques, 700–1100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-24711-X.
External links
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911.
- Species Profile- Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Johnsongrass.
- FAO Report (1995) "Sorghum and millets in human nutrition"
- Sorghum on US Grains Council Web Site
- Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Association, organization for the promotion and development of sweet Sorghum as a source for biofuels, especially ethanol