Soyuz-2

Soyuz 2 (Soyuz-2.1a / 2.1b / ST-A / ST-B)
	A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.
Function	Orbital carrier rocket
Manufacturer	TsSKB-Progress
Country of origin	Russia
Size
Height	46.3 m (152 ft)
Diameter	2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
Mass	312,000 kg (688,000 lb)
Stages	2 or 3
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass	2.1a: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb); 2.1b: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)
Payload to SSO
Mass	ST-A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb); ST-B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)
Payload to GTO
Mass	ST-A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb); ST-B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)
Associated rockets
Family	R-7 (Soyuz)
Launch history
Status	Active
Launch sites	Baikonur LC-31/6; Plesetsk LC-43; Kourou ELS; Vostochny LC-1S;
Total launches	60 (2.1a: 28, 2.1b: 30, 2.1v: 2)
Success(es)	55 (2.1a: 26, 2.1b: 28, 2.1v: 1)
Failure(s)	2 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 0)
Partial failure(s)	3 (2.1a: 1, 2.1b: 1, 2.1v: 1)
First flight	2.1a: 8 November 2004; 2.1b: 27 December 2006; 2.1v: 28 December 2013
Type of passengers/cargo	CoRoT; Galileo; GLONASS; Progress;
Boosters – Blok-B,V,G,D
No. boosters	4
Height	19.6 m (64 ft)
Diameter	2.68 m (8.8 ft)
Empty mass	3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
Gross mass	44,413 kg (97,914 lb)
Propellant mass	39,160 kg (86,330 lb)
Powered by	RD-107A
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf); Vacuum: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s); Vacuum: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s)
Burn time	118 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RG-1
First stage – Blok-A
Height	27.10 m (88.9 ft)
Diameter	2.95 m (9.7 ft)
Empty mass	6,545 kg (14,429 lb)
Gross mass	99,765 kg (219,944 lb)
Propellant mass	90,100 kg (198,600 lb)
Powered by	RD-108A
Maximum thrust	Sea level: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf); Vacuum: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf)
Specific impulse	Sea level: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s); Vacuum: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s)
Burn time	286 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RG-1
Second stage – Blok-I
Height	6.70 m (22.0 ft)
Diameter	2.66 m (8 ft 9 in)
Empty mass	2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
Gross mass	27,755 kg (61,189 lb)
Propellant mass	25,400 kg (56,000 lb)
Powered by	2.1a / STA: RD-0110; 2.1b / STB: RD-0124
Maximum thrust	RD-0110: 298 kN (67,000 lbf); RD-0124: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf)
Specific impulse	RD-0110: 326 seconds; RD-0124: 359 seconds
Burn time	270 seconds
Propellant	LOX / RG-1
Upper stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT
Height	1.5 m (4.9 ft)
Diameter	Fregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft); Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft)
Empty mass	Fregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb); Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb); Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb)
Propellant mass	Fregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb); Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb); Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb)
Powered by	S5.92
Maximum thrust	19.85 kN (4,460 lbf)
Specific impulse	333.2 seconds
Burn time	1100 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
Upper stage (optional) – Volga
Height	1.025 m (3.36 ft)
Diameter	3.2 m (10 ft)
Empty mass	840 kg (1,850 lb)
Propellant mass	300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb)
Powered by	17D64
Maximum thrust	2.94 kN (660 lbf)
Specific impulse	307 seconds
Propellant	N2O4 / UDMH
	[edit on Wikidata]

Template:Launching/Soyuz Template:Launching/Soyuz (Arianespace)Template:Launching/Progress

Soyuz-2, GRAU index 14A14, is the collective designation for the new version of the Russian Soyuz rocket. In its basic form, it is a three-stage carrier rocket for placing payloads into low Earth orbit. The first-stage boosters and two core stages feature uprated engines with improved injection systems, compared to the previous versions of the Soyuz. Digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to be launched from a fixed launch platform, whereas the launch platforms for earlier Soyuz rockets had to be rotated as the rocket could not perform a roll to change its heading in flight.

Soyuz-2 is often flown with an upper stage, which allows it to lift payloads into higher orbits, such as Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. The upper stage is equipped with independent flight control and telemetry systems from those used in the rest of the rocket. The NPO Lavochkin manufactured Fregat is the most commonly used upper stage.

Soyuz-2 rockets are currently launched from LC-31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and LC-43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, launch facilities shared with earlier R-7 derived rockets including the Soyuz-U and Molniya. Commercial Soyuz-2 flights are contracted by Starsem, and have launched from LC-31 at Baikonur and ELS (l'Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz), which has been built at the Guiana Space Centre on the northern coast of South America. The Soyuz-2 is expected to be able to deliver 2.8-3.5 tonnes to GTO from this site.

The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M^[7] and is starting to replace the Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG rockets which are currently in service alongside it, as they are expected to be phased out from 2014 onwards.^[8]^[9]

Variants

Soyuz-2 family includes 2.1a, 2.1b and 2.1v. The first two variants are modifications to the Soyuz-U launcher. The latter is a "light" version without side boosters.

When launched from ELS site, the Soyuz-2 will always be mated with ST-type fairing. This version will be called Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK, where additional "K" indicates special measures taken for preparing and launching the rocket in hot and humid conditions.

Soyuz-2.1a

The 2.1a version includes conversion from analog to digital flight control system and uprated engines on the booster and the first stage with improved injection systems. The new digital flight control and telemetry systems allow the rocket to launch from a fixed rather than angled launch platform and adjust its heading in flight. A digital control system also enables the launch of larger commercial satellites with wider and longer payload fairings such as the ST-type fairing. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. This stage continues to use the RD-0110 engine.

The 2.1a/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A. The first launch, from Guiana, (17 December 2011 for Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT, ELISA (4 satellites)) was a success.

Soyuz-2.1b

The 2.1b version adds an upgraded engine (RD-0124) with improved performance to the second stage. First launch took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with classified military payload.^[10]

The 2.1b/ST version is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B. The first launch, from Guiana, was a success (21 October 2011), for the first two Galileo IOV satellites.

Soyuz-2-1v

The first draft of the 2.1v version was finished in 2009. It is a "light" version of the Soyuz-2 without the side boosters (blocks B, V, G and D). The Block A engine was replaced by the more powerful NK-33-1, which will eventually be replaced with the RD-193. The new launcher is able to deliver up to 2.8 tonnes in low Earth orbit.^[11]

Modifications for various launch sites

The Soyuz-2.1a/1b versions launched from the Vostochny Cosmodrome and the Guiana Space Centre have a series of modifications over the stock units. Some of these might later be implemented on all the Soyuz-2, while some are particular requirements to the space port design.

Modifications for the Guiana Space Centre (GSC) version includes:

First use of a mobile service tower at the ELS that enabled vertical payload integration.^[3]
European supplied payload adapters.^[3]
European supplied KSE (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne, lit. 'European Safeguard Kit'), a system to locate and transmit a flight termination signal.^[3] It would activate the engine shutdown command and leave the vehicle in a ballistic trajectory.^[12]
Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry system on all stages from the 5 TM bands available at Baikonur, and Plesetsk to the 3 allowed at the GSC range.^[3]
Adaptation of the S-Band telemetry coding and frequency to the IRIG standard used at GSC.^[3]
Adaptation of the oxygen purge system for directing to the outside of the mobile gantry.^[3]
Adaptation to the tropical GSC climate including the adaptation of the air conditioning system to local specifications and protective measures to avoid icing.^[3] All holes and cavities were studied and certified to be adequately protected against intrusion of insects and rodent.^[12]
The four boosters and the core stage were upgraded with pyrotechnic devices to breach the fuel tanks to assure that they would sink in the ocean. The other stages were shown to lose structural integrity on impact and thus proven to sink.^[12]
At least initially, the boosters and core stage would use the pyrotechnically ignited 14D22 (RD-107A) and 14D23 (RD-108A) rather than the chemically ignited 14D22KhZ and 14D23KhZ used on the rest of the Soyuz-2.^[12]

Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:^[13]

New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.^[14]^[15]^[16]
The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.^[13]^[16]^[17]
New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.^[14]
The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.^[14]
Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside of the gantry.^[13]

On 1 October 2015 it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 is under question.^[18] The first launch is now expected to take place in April 2016.

Notable missions

Suborbital test flight

On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 GMT (21:30 Moscow Time), the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.

Maiden launch

The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October.

Launch history

#	Date and Time (UTC)	Configuration	Launch site	Result	Payload	Remarks
1	8 November 2004 18:30	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Zenit-8 (boilerplate)	Suborbital test
2	19 October 2006 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	MetOp A	Weather satellite
3	24 December 2006 08:34	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meridian 1	Communications satellite
4	27 December 2006 14:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	CoRoT	Astronomy satellite
5	26 July 2008 18:31	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[19]	Kosmos 2441 (Persona)	Imaging reconnaissance satellite, failed to operate due to electrical fault
6	21 May 2009 21:53	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-red\|Failure^[20]	Meridian 2	Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation, communications satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt
7	17 September 2009 15:55	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meteor-M No.1 Universitetsky-2 Sterkh-2 IRIS UGATUSAT SumbandilaSat BLITS	Weather satellite and small piggyback science satellites
8	19 October 2010 17:11	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites)	Communications satellites
9	2 November 2010 00:59	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meridian 3	Communications satellite
10	26 February 2011 03:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	GLONASS-K	Navigation satellite
11	4 May 2011 17:41	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meridian 4	Communications satellite
12	13 July 2011 02:27	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites)	Communications satellites
13	2 October 2011 20:15	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
14	21 October 2011 10:30	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[21]	Galileo IOV-1 & IOV-2	Navigation satellites - First launch from Kourou
15	28 November 2011 08:25	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[22]	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
16	17 December 2011 02:03	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[23]	Pleiades 1A SSOT ELISA (4 satellites)	Imaging Satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Electronic Intelligence Satellites
17	23 December 2011 12:08	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-red\|Failure^[24]	Meridian 5	Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course. Communications satellite not deployed.
18	28 December 2011 17:09	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[25]	Globalstar 2 (x6)	Communications satellite
19	17 September 2012 16:28	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	MetOp B	Weather satellite
20	12 October 2012 18:15	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[26]	Galileo IOV-3 & IOV-4	Navigation satellites
21	14 November 2012 11:42	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meridian 6	Communications satellite
22	2 December 2012 02:02	Soyuz STA Fregat	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[27]	Pleiades 1B	Imaging Satellite
23	6 February 2013 16:04:24	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Globalstar 2 (x6)	Communications satellite
24	19 April 2013 10:00:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Bion-M No.1 AIST2 Dove 2 Beesat(2 and 3) SOMP OSSI 1	Biological Science and small piggyback science satellites
25	26 April 2013 05:23:46	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[28]	GLONASS-M	Navigation satellite
26	7 June 2013 18:37:59	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[29]	Kosmos 2486 (Persona)	Imaging reconnaissance satellite
27	25 June 2013 17:28:48	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[30]	Resurs-P No.1	Earth observation satellite
28	25 June 2013 19:27:03	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[31]	O3b-1 O3b-2 O3b-3 O3b-4	Communications satellites
29	19 December 2013 09:12:19	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[32]	Gaia	Space observatory
30	23 March 2014 22:54:03	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[33]	Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
31	28 December 2013 12:30	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[34]	Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2	Maiden flight of 2.1v
32	3 April 2014 21:02:26	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[35]	Sentinel-1A	Earth observation
33	6 May 2014 13:49:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[36]	Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M)	Film-return reconnaissance satellite
34	14 June 2014 17:16:48	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[37]	Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
35	8 July 2014 15:58:28	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[38]	Meteor-M No.2 Relek (MKA-FKI (PN2)) DX-1 SkySat 2 TechDemoSat-1 UKube-1 AISSat-2	Weather satellite and six secondary satellites
36	10 July 2014 18:55:56	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[39]	O3b-5 O3b-6 O3b-7 O3b-8	Communications satellites
37	18 July 2014 20:50:00	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Foton-M No.4	Material Science satellite
38	22 August 2014 12:27:11	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-orange\|Partial failure^[40]	Galileo FOC-1 & FOC-2	Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the navigation satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line.
39	29 October 2014 07:09:43	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Progress M-25M	ISS Logistics
40	30 October 2014 01:42:52	Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Meridian 7	Communications satellite
41	30 November 2014 21:52:26	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K)	Navigation satellite
42	18 December 2014 18:37:00	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success	O3b-9 O3b-10 O3b-11 O3b-12	Communications satellites
43	25 December 2014 03:01:13	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Kosmos 2502 (Lotos)	Reconnaissance satellite
44	26 December 2014 18:55:50	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Resurs-P No.2	Earth observation satellite
45	27 February 2015 11:01:35	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M)	Military reconnaissance satellite
46	27 March 2015 21:46:18	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Galileo FOC-3 Galileo FOC-4	Navigation satellites
47	28 April 2015 07:09:50	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-orange\|Partial failure	Progress M-27M	ISS logistics. Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.^[41] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.^[42] Mission declared a total loss.^[43]
48	5 June 2015 15:23:54	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\| Success	Kosmos 2505 (Kobal't-M)	Reconnaissance film-return satellite
49	23 June 2015 16:44:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\| Success	Kosmos 2506 (Persona)	Reconnaissance satellite
50	11 September 2015 02:08:10	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Galileo FOC-5 Galileo FOC-6^[44]	Navigation satellites
51	17 November 2015 06:33:41	Soyuz-2.1b	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Kosmos 2510 (EKS)	Early warning satellite
52	5 December 2015 14:09:00	Soyuz-2.1v Volga	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-orange\|Partial failure^[45]	Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511) KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512)	Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy.
53	17 December 2015 11:51:56	Soyuz STB Fregat-MT	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[46]	Galileo FM08 Galileo FM09	Navigation satellites
54	21 December 2015 08:44:39	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Progress MS-1	ISS Logistics
55	7 February 2016 00:21:07	Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green \| Success	Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M)	Navigation satellite
56	13 March 2016 18:56:00	Soyuz-2.1b	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green \| Success	Resurs-P No.3	Earth observation satellite
57	24 March 2016 09:42	Soyuz-2.1a	Plesetsk Site 43/4	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M)	Military reconnaissance satellite
58	31 March 2016 16:23:57	Soyuz-2.1a	Baikonur Site 31/6	Template:Bg-green\|Success	Progress MS-2	ISS Logistics
59	25 April 2016 21:02:13	Soyuz STA Fregat-M	Kourou ELS	Template:Bg-green\|Success^[47]	Sentinel-1B^[48] MICROSCOPE^[49] + 3 CubeSats	Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology
60	28 April 2016 02:01:21	Soyuz-2.1a Volga	Vostochny Site 1S	Template:Bg-green \| Success	Mikhailo Lomonosov Aist-2D SamSat 218	Gamma-ray astronomy + technology demonstrations

Notes

^ 200 km (110 nmi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur
^ 820 km (440 nmi) SSO (with Fregat from Kourou)
^ 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) ΔV deficit GTO (with Fregat from Kourou)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". JSC SRC Progress. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ ^a ^b "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". JSC SRC Progress. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre - User's manual" (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат"". NPO Lavochkin (in Russian). Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ "Volga upper stage". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
^ "Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny | NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
^ Zak, Anatoly (2010-09-30). "Last launch of the Molniya-M on Sept 30th 2010". RussianSpaceWeb.
^ Zak, Anatoly (2011-06-01). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.
^ "Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket"". Volzkhskaya Kommuna. 2011-06-01.
^ Stephen Clark (26 July 2008). "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
^ "Rus/Souyz-2 launch vehicle (in Russian)".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zak, Anatoly (2015-08-23). "Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-08-24.
^ ^a ^b ^c В РКЦ «Прогресс» завершены испытания ракеты-носителя для первого запуска с «Восточного» [JSC SRC Progress completes testing on the launch vehicle for the first Vostochny launch] (in Russian). JSC SRC Progress. 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ ^a ^b ^c Обновлённые «Союзы» для Восточного [Updated Soyuz for Vostochny] (in Russian). 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
^ «Союз-2» приспособят к запуску с «Восточного» [Soyuz-2 to be adapted to Vostochny] (in Russian). lenta.ru. 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
^ ^a ^b Системы управления ракет-носителей Союз-2, Союз-СТ, Союз-2-1В [Control systems of launch vehicles Soyuz-2, Soyuz-ST, Soyuz 2-1V] (in Russian). N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
^ V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the «Malachite» family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (Number 4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3). Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University: 1. Retrieved 2015-08-21. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)
^ Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. 2008-07-26.
^ Zak, Anatoly. "The Meridian satellite (14F112)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
^ Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.
^ Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit.Template:Ru icon
^ Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
^ Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
^ "Globalstar satellites 'flawlessly' orbited by Soyuz". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
^ Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.
^ http://www.spaceflight101.com/soyuz-vs-04-pleiades-1b-launch-updates.html
^ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
^ Graham, William. "Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ Graham, William. "Soyuz 2-1B successfully launches with Resurs-P". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
^ "Arianespace launch VS05 > Soyuz ST-B – O3b: Mission accomplished!" (Press release). Arianespace. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ Soyuz ST-B successfully launches Gaia space observatory
^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
^ http://sputniknews.com/russia/20131228/186021089.html
^ Graham, William; Bergin, Chris (2014-04-03). "Arianespace Soyuz ST-A launches Sentinel-1A mission". Retrieved 2014-04-06.
^ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobal’t-M reconnaissance satellite
^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
^ Lift-off for British demo satellites
^ "Arianespace advances O3b Networks' revolutionary vision with another Soyuz launch success". Arianespace. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "Inquiry into Galileo launch anomaly to focus on Fregat".
^ "РОСКОСМОС: "ПРОГРЕСС М-27М" - ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА ПРИЧИНА АВАРИИ (ROSCOSMOS: "Progress M-27M" - cause of accident determined)" (in Russian). Roscosmos. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
^ "Progress Cargo Vessel Docking With Space Station Canceled". Sputnik International. Sputnik. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ "Russian spacecraft Progress M-27M 'out of control'". BBC News. British Broadcasting Company. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
^ "Arianespace's latest Galileo mission a success: With Soyuz launch of two satellites, Arianespace has now deployed one-third of the constellation" (Press release). Arianespace. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
^ "Russian Soyuz-2.1v launch a partial failure".
^ Zak, Anatoly (2015-12-17). "Soyuz completes its eighth mission with Galileo satellites". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
^ Clark, Stephen (2016-04-25). "Soyuz blasts off with environmental satellite, general relativity probe". Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ Blau, Patrick (2016-04-25). "Sentinel-1 Spacecraft Overview". Retrieved 2016-04-26.
^ Blau, Patrick (2016-04-25). "MicroSCOPE". Retrieved 2016-04-26.

External links

Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1
Encyclopedia Astronautica article on Soyuz 2.1/Fregat
European Space Agency about Soyuz-ST (Russian name Soyuz-STK)
Soyuz User's Manual, from Starsem
Soyuz-2 launch vehicle, Russian Federal Space Agency

[2] 200 km (110 nmi) circular LEO 51.8° inclination from Baikonur

[3] 820 km (440 nmi) SSO (with Fregat from Kourou)

[5] 1,500 m/s (4,900 ft/s) ΔV deficit GTO (with Fregat from Kourou)

[progress-soyuz2perf-1] "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". JSC SRC Progress. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[progress-soyuzstperf-4] "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". JSC SRC Progress. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[arianespace-soyuzum201203-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre - User's manual" (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

[lavochkin-fregat-7] "Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат"". NPO Lavochkin (in Russian). Retrieved 10 March 2016.

[8] "Volga upper stage". Russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.

[nsf-20160427-9] "Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny | NASASpaceFlight.com". www.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved 2016-05-01.

[10] Zak, Anatoly (2010-09-30). "Last launch of the Molniya-M on Sept 30th 2010". RussianSpaceWeb.

[11] Zak, Anatoly (2011-06-01). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.

[12] "Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket"". Volzkhskaya Kommuna. 2011-06-01.

[13] Stephen Clark (26 July 2008). "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

[14] "Rus/Souyz-2 launch vehicle (in Russian)".

[rsw-soyuz2st-15] Zak, Anatoly (2015-08-23). "Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-08-24.

[progresspr-6965-16] В РКЦ «Прогресс» завершены испытания ракеты-носителя для первого запуска с «Восточного» [JSC SRC Progress completes testing on the launch vehicle for the first Vostochny launch] (in Russian). JSC SRC Progress. 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[redstar-15487-17] Обновлённые «Союзы» для Восточного [Updated Soyuz for Vostochny] (in Russian). 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2015-08-20.

[lenta-20140107-18] «Союз-2» приспособят к запуску с «Восточного» [Soyuz-2 to be adapted to Vostochny] (in Russian). lenta.ru. 2014-01-07. Retrieved 2015-08-21.

[npoautomatika-controlsystemsoyuz21v-19] Системы управления ракет-носителей Союз-2, Союз-СТ, Союз-2-1В [Control systems of launch vehicles Soyuz-2, Soyuz-ST, Soyuz 2-1V] (in Russian). N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika. Retrieved 2015-08-21.

[vssau-2013n04p01-20] V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the «Malachite» family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (Number 4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3). Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University: 1. Retrieved 2015-08-21. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help)

[ehomsk-20151001-21] Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2015-10-05.

[22] "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. 2008-07-26.

[meridian-23] Zak, Anatoly. "The Meridian satellite (14F112)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 3 May 2011.

[spaceref_soyuz_off_suiana-24] Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.

[25] Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit.Template:Ru icon

[26] Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket

[27] Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch

[28] "Globalstar satellites 'flawlessly' orbited by Soyuz". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 December 2011.

[29] Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.

[30] ttp://www.spaceflight101.com/soyuz-vs-04-pleiades-1b-launch-updates.html

[31] Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system

[32] Graham, William. "Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.

[33] Graham, William. "Soyuz 2-1B successfully launches with Resurs-P". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

[34] "Arianespace launch VS05 > Soyuz ST-B – O3b: Mission accomplished!" (Press release). Arianespace. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

[35] Soyuz ST-B successfully launches Gaia space observatory

[36] Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia

[37] ttp://sputniknews.com/russia/20131228/186021089.html

[38] Graham, William; Bergin, Chris (2014-04-03). "Arianespace Soyuz ST-A launches Sentinel-1A mission". Retrieved 2014-04-06.

[39] Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobal’t-M reconnaissance satellite

[40] Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia

[41] Lift-off for British demo satellites

[42] "Arianespace advances O3b Networks' revolutionary vision with another Soyuz launch success". Arianespace. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

[43] "Inquiry into Galileo launch anomaly to focus on Fregat".

[44] "РОСКОСМОС: "ПРОГРЕСС М-27М" - ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА ПРИЧИНА АВАРИИ (ROSCOSMOS: "Progress M-27M" - cause of accident determined)" (in Russian). Roscosmos. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.

[45] "Progress Cargo Vessel Docking With Space Station Canceled". Sputnik International. Sputnik. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

[46] "Russian spacecraft Progress M-27M 'out of control'". BBC News. British Broadcasting Company. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.

[arianespace-pr20150911-47] "Arianespace's latest Galileo mission a success: With Soyuz launch of two satellites, Arianespace has now deployed one-third of the constellation" (Press release). Arianespace. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.

[48] "Russian Soyuz-2.1v launch a partial failure".

[49] Zak, Anatoly (2015-12-17). "Soyuz completes its eighth mission with Galileo satellites". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-12-17.

[50] Clark, Stephen (2016-04-25). "Soyuz blasts off with environmental satellite, general relativity probe". Retrieved 2016-04-26.

[51] Blau, Patrick (2016-04-25). "Sentinel-1 Spacecraft Overview". Retrieved 2016-04-26.

[52] Blau, Patrick (2016-04-25). "MicroSCOPE". Retrieved 2016-04-26.

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v t e Soviet and Russian launch vehicles
Active	Angara 1.2 A5 Soyuz-2 2.1a 2.1b 2-1v UR Proton-M
In development	Amur Irtysh Yenisei
Retired	Dnepr Energia Kosmos 1 2I 3 3M N1 R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original L M U U2 FG Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna Start-1 Tsyklon original 2 3 UR UR-500 Proton-K Rokot Strela Zenit 2 2M 3SL 3SLB 3F
Cancelled (no launch attempts)	Tsyklon-4 Proton Light Medium

v t e Orbital launch systems
List of orbital launch systems Comparison of orbital launch systems
Current	Angara 1.2 A5 Ariane 6 Atlas V Ceres 1 1S Chollima-1 Electron Falcon 9 Block 5 Falcon Heavy Firefly Alpha Gravity-1 GSLV H-IIA H3 Hyperbola-1 Jielong 1 3 KAIROS^† Kaituozhe 2 Kinetica 1 Kuaizhou 1 1A 11 Long March 2C 2D 2F 3A 3B/E 3C 4B 4C 5 5B 6 6A 7 7A 8 11 11H LVM3 Minotaur I IV V C Nuri OS-M1^† Pegasus XL Proton-M PSLV Qaem 100 Qased RS1^† Shavit 2 Simorgh SLS Block 1 Soyuz-2 2.1a / STA 2.1b / STB 2-1v SSLV Starship Tianlong-2 Unha Vega C Vulcan Centaur Zhuque 2
In development	Antares 330 Bloostar Cyclone-4M Deca Epsilon S Eris Gravity-2 Hyperbola-2 Irtysh Kuaizhou 21 31 Long March 9 10 12 Miura 5 MLV Neutron New Glenn New Line 1 NGLV Nova OS-M 2 4 Orbex Prime Pallas-1 Red Dwarf SLS Block 1B Block 2 Soyuz-7 Terran R Tianlong-3 VLM Vega E Zero Zhuque 3 Zuljanah
Retired	Antares 110 120 130^† 230 230+ Ariane 1 2 3 4 5 ASLV Athena I II Atlas B D E/F G H I II III LV-3B SLV-3 Able^† Agena Centaur Black Arrow Conestoga^† Delta A B C D E G J L M N 0100 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 II III IV IV Heavy Diamant Dnepr Energia Epsilon Europa I^† II^† Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1.0 v1.1 v1.2 "Full Thrust" Feng Bao 1 GSLV Mk I H-I H-II H-IIB Juno I Juno II Kaituozhe-1 Kosmos original 1 2/2I 3 3M Lambda 4S LauncherOne Long March 1 1D^† 2A 2E 3 3B 4A Mu 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII V N1^† N-I N-II Naro-1 Paektusan^† Pilot-2^† R-7 Luna Molniya M L Polyot Soyuz original FG L M U U2 Soyuz/Vostok Sputnik Voskhod Vostok L K 2 2M R-29 Shtil' Volna^† Rocket 3 Safir 1 1A 1B Saturn I IB V Scout X-1 Blue Scout II^† X-2^† X-2M X-3 X-3M X-4 X-2B^† B A B-1 D-1 A-1 E-1 F-1 G-1 Shavit original 1 SLV Space Shuttle SPARK^† Sparta SS-520 Start-1 Terran 1^† Thor Able Ablestar 1 2 Agena A B D Burner 1 2 Delta DSV-2U Thorad-Agena SLV-2G SLV-2H Titan II GLV IIIA IIIB IIIC IIID IIIE 34D 23G CT-3 IV Tsyklon R-36-O original 2 3 Universal Rocket UR-500 Proton Proton-K Rokot Strela Vanguard Vega original VLS-1^† Zenit 2 2M 2FG 3SL 3SLB 3F Zhuque 1^†
Classes	Sounding rocket Small-lift launch vehicle Medium-lift launch vehicle Heavy-lift launch vehicle Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future Symbol ^† indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)