Spondylosis
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2014) |
| Spondylosis | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Orthopedic surgery  |
Spondylosis (from Ancient Greek σπόνδυλος spóndylos, "a vertebra", in plural "vertebrae – the backbone") is a broad term meaning degeneration of the spinal column from any cause. In the more narrow sense it refers to spinal osteoarthritis, the age-related wear and tear of the spinal column, which is the most common cause of spondylosis. The degenerative process in osteoarthritis chiefly affects the vertebral bodies, the neural foramina and the facet joints (facet syndrome). If severe, it may cause pressure on nerve roots with subsequent sensory or motor disturbances, such as pain, paresthesia, and muscle weakness in the limbs.
When the space between two adjacent vertebrae narrows, compression of a nerve root emerging from the spinal cord may result in radiculopathy (sensory and motor disturbances, such as severe pain in the neck, shoulder, arm, back, or leg, accompanied by muscle weakness). Less commonly, direct pressure on the spinal cord (typically in the cervical spine) may result in myelopathy, characterized by global weakness, gait dysfunction, loss of balance, and loss of bowel or bladder control. The patient may experience shocks (paresthesia) in hands and legs because of nerve compression and lack of blood flow. If vertebrae of the neck are involved it is labelled cervical spondylosis. Lower back spondylosis is labeled lumbar spondylosis.
Causes
Spondylosis is caused from years of constant abnormal pressure, from joint subluxation or poor posture, being placed on the vertebrae, and the discs between them. The abnormal stress causes the body to form new bone in order to compensate for the new weight distribution. This abnormal weight bearing from bone displacement will cause spondylosis to occur. Poor postures and loss of the normal spinal curves can lead to spondylosis as well. Spondylosis can affect a person at any age; however, older people are more susceptible.[1]
Diagnosis
- Cervical Compression Test is performed by laterally flexing the patient's head and placing downward pressure on it. A positive sign is neck or shoulder pain on the ipsilateral side, that is, the side to which the head is laterally flexed. This is somewhat predictive of cervical spondylosis. [citation needed]
- Lhermitte sign: feeling of electrical shock with patient neck flexion [citation needed];
- reduced range of motion of the neck, the most frequent objective finding on physical examination
- MRI and CT scans are helpful for pain diagnosis but generally are not definitive and must be considered together with physical examinations and history [citation needed].
Treatment
Treatment is usually conservative in nature. Patient education on lifestyle modifications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy and chiropractic care are common forms of manual care that help manage such conditions [citation needed]. Other alternative therapies such as massage, trigger-point therapy, yoga and acupuncture may be of limited benefit[citation needed]. Surgery is occasionally performed.
Many of the treatments for cervical spondylosis have not been subjected to rigorous, controlled trials.[citation needed] Surgery is advocated for cervical radiculopathy in patients who have intractable pain, progressive symptoms, or weakness that fails to improve with conservative therapy. Surgical indications for cervical spondylosis with myelopathy (CSM) remain somewhat controversial, but "most clinicians recommend operative therapy over conservative therapy for moderate-to-severe myelopathy." (Baron, M.E.)
Physical therapy may be effective for restoring range of motion, flexibility and core strengthening. Decompressive therapies (i.e. manual mobilization, mechanical traction) may also help alleviate pain. However, physical therapy and chiropractic cannot "cure" the degeneration, and some people view that strong compliance with postural modification is necessary to realize maximum benefit from decompression, adjustments and flexibility rehabilitation.
It is often argued, however, that the cause of spondylosis is simply old age, and that posture modification treatment is often practiced by those who have a financial interest (such as Worker's Compensation)[2] in proving that it is caused by work conditions and poor physical habits. Understanding anatomy is the key to conservative management of spondylosis.
Surgery
Many surgical procedures have been developed to alleviate the signs and symptoms associated with spondylosis. The vertebral column can be approached by the surgeon from the front, side, or rear. Osteophytes and sometimes portions of an intervertebral disc are commonly removed in an effort to relieve pressure on adjacent nerve roots and/or the spinal cord.[citation needed]
Complications
A major problem related to this disease is vertebrobasilar insufficiency [citation needed]. This is a result of the vertebral artery becoming occluded as it passes up in the transverse foramen. The spinal joints become stiff in cervical spondylosis. Thus the chondrocytes which maintain the disc become deprived of nutrition and die. The weakened disc bulges and grows out as a result of incoming osteophytes.
See also
References
- ^ Newman & Santiago, 2013[full citation needed]
- ^ Diagnosis and Management of Cervical Spondylosis at eMedicine
Further reading
- Thomas, Clayton L. (1985). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. ISBN 0-8036-8309-X.[page needed]
External links
