St Crispin's Hospital

The Asylum as it is today, the ward in view behind the tower has been converted to flats

The Main Hall held up with scaffolding after a major fire

The Main Hall and Clock Tower

The ward blocks have been stripped of most of their original features

St Crispins was a large psychiatric hospital on the outskirts of Duston village in Northampton, Northamptonshire, England.

It was established in 1876 as the Berrywood Asylum and closed in 1995. Its grounds and the surrounding area include a new psychiatric hospital, residential housing, a large self-contained retirement village, a primary school and a local centre of shops and offices.

Origins

Until the 1870s the County and Borough of Northampton's pauper lunatics occupied space under a contract with the Northampton General Asylum (now St Andrew's Hospital, Northampton), a public subscription asylum located to the east of Northampton. With intervention from the Commissioners in Lunacy, who believed the current arrangement to be inappropriate, it was decreed that the county should own and maintain its own premises. Despite extensions and attempts to purchase the existing asylum, it was decided that a new county establishment would be built instead and land was purchased at Upton close to the village of Duston in the countryside to the north-west of Northampton.

On opening, all rate aided patients in Northampton General Asylum were relocated to the new Berrywood asylum and the contract at the Northampton General Asylum ceased, the latter thereafter admitting principally non-pauper inmates.

The new asylum was built to make good use of its position, with extensive views to the south overlooking open farmland towards Upton and protected to the north by the Berrywood itself, owned as part of the estate and providing a visual buffer from the village and road. The grounds incorporated a large farm complex, gas works, burial ground, a number of cottages for attendants and other estate staff, large residences for the superintendent, farm bailiff, head gardener, chaplain and steward. The main building was built to a variation of the corridor-pavilion plan and consisted of two major patient's blocks on either side of the central services and hall, and linked only by single storey corridors and open metal walkways at upper levels. The design reflected the architect, Robert Griffiths' previous work at the Macclesfield Asylum, Cheshire by placing pairs of projecting blocks for acute and generalised cases forward of the building line where the most benefit was received from light and fresh air, linked by infirmary wards, still with good prospect but protected from the worst of the weather and forming a segregation of management class of inmate. Unlike at Macclesfield, the acute and infirmary blocks were united, but still bore a similar form. To either end were located the blocks for chronic, turbulent and difficult patients who it was proposed would gain less from the good aspect, but was to provide good access to their places of work.

In the architect's typical style already used at Macclesfield and to some extent, Hereford asylums, red brick was used extensively as principal construction material, with white or blue brick for decorative dressing, banding or window arches. Windows were of timber, multiple paned sash type and decorative wrought iron balustrading was applied to embellish the tops of canted bay windows and slate roofs. The most distinctive feature of the site was the water tower, visible for a considerable distance and decorated with a clock on each face. This stood in the centre of the main asylum, looming over the recreation hall to the south and administration block to the north and although not attached directly to either, formed a major part of the composition of both.

By 1884, and completed 1887 further extensions took place, creating a new block for idiot and imbecile children adjacent to the female wing, blocks for epileptics on either side, a reservoir and fire station, stable yard and an isolation hospital with a distinctive pyramidal roofline. A stone chapel and mortuary were also constructed.

With the onset of World War I, the institution accommodated some of the inmates evacuated from the Norfolk County Asylum, until 1916, when Berrywood was also turned over to war use and its own population distributed across East Anglia and the East Midlands. As the Duston War Hospital, the asylum was put to extensive use for military cases being treated and recovering from injury. Many images survive of the hospital during this period of use. However, peace brought a return of the building and a return of its patient population. A change of name from asylum to mental hospital was to mark another period of growth and during the 1930s, extensions took place. These took the form of a new nurse's home, refurbishment of some of the staff residences, a new admission hospital (now the Pendered Centre) with two villas for male and female convalescent patients, sited on an adjacent site, away from the main complex.

Following World War II, ownership of the site passed to the National Health Service and the hospital, then known as St. Crispin, reached its highest number of occupants. Two new villas for female working patients (Grafton and Eden Lodges)were constructed south of the female wing in 1954. The grounds to the south of the hospital farm was developed for mental handicap services during the early 1970s and was to be one of the last major long stay facilities of its kind in England. Named the Princess Marina hospital, it provided a home for a number of Northampton patients previously resident at Bromham Hospital in Bedfordshire and although adjacent to St.Crispin, it was located within the Upton parish and access from the south. Kent Road, a drive which had pre-existed the new hospital was retained and adapted as the main access route, with an entrance off road to the south. Some facilities, particularly the laundry, were centralised and expanded at St. Crispin. A social club for staff was sited close to a remodelled entrance onto Berrywood Road.

St. Crispin Hospital briefly entered the news when a fire killed a six patients who were resident on Schuster Ward, within the main building.

Sectorisation and then reprovision led to the relocation of services away from the St.Crispin site, with separate services being developed at Kettering and Milton Keynes, as well as elsewhere within Northampton itself. During the early 1990s at the outbreak of the first Gulf War, several closed wards were upgraded ready to admit any injured members of the armed forces should the need arise. But thankfully this was never required.

The hospital gradually contracted as wards became disused, eventually leaving those located within the Pendered Centre and the main building was closed in 1995.

Its chapel was decorated by the Northampton artist Henry Bird. Following the Hospital's closure the Chapel was purchased by the Greek Orthodox Church and is now in regular use by the Greek Orthodox Community in Northampton.

Closure

The hospital finally closed in 1995 and the buildings are currently standing derelict with only one of the wards having been converted. A housing estate has been built on the lands that were cleared around the main building and a new mental health facility, Berrywood Hospital, has also been built on part of the site. As with many of these projects, the developer, Taylor Wimpey has built a large number of new homes on the site and not concentrated on preserving the original buildings. Due to the 2008-2010 recession the work was again put on hold and the hospital site has deteriorated rapidly leaving them in a poor state of repair.

Work to restore the remaining buildings left standing started in 2011, after transfer to a new developer, WN Developments. The main feature of the large clock tower is to become one large apartment with a spiral staircase running up through the centre. However, after building two new blocks of apartments and renovating one solitary building (the former surgeons house) WN Developments lost interest in the site and ceased building and renovation work. The site is set to be sold again.

Late on the Wednesday 6 August 2014, Over 70 Firefighters responded to an emergency call as fire large fire broke out. The cause of the fire is yet to be determined.

The hospital was used as a filming location in the 1977 series of Doctor Who, in a six-part story called 'The Talons of Weng-Chiang'. The mortuary was used to represent a Victorian operating theatre. The hospital is included in the Talons of Weng Chiang DVD.