Sterculia
| Sterculia | |
|---|---|
| |
| S. foetida | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Subfamily: | Sterculioideae |
| Genus: | Sterculia L., 1753[1] |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
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S. setigera, dry capsules and seeds – MHNT
S. pruriens, wood texture – MHNT
Sterculia[2] is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae: subfamily Sterculioideae (previously placed in the now obsolete Sterculiaceae[1]). Members of the genus are colloquially known as tropical chestnuts. Sterculia may be monoecious or dioecious, and its flowers unisexual or bisexual.
Taxonomy[edit]
Phylogeny[edit]
A 27-million-year-old †Sterculia labrusca leaf fossil is described from the Evros region in Western Thrace, Greece.[3]
Species[edit]
The Plant List counts 91 currently accepted species. The accepted species are listed here, except as noted.[4]
- Sterculia abbreviata E.L.Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia aerisperma Cuatrec.
- Sterculia africana (Lour.) Fiori – Mopopaja tree
- Sterculia albidiflora Ducke
- Sterculia alexandri Harv. – Cape sterculia
- Sterculia amazonica E.L.Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia antioquia E.L.Taylor
- Sterculia apeibophylla Ducke
- Sterculia alexandri (Jacq.) H.Karst.
- Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst. – Panama tree; manduvi tree
- Sterculia appendiculata K.Schum.
- Sterculia balanghas L. or Aiton (status unresolved)
- Sterculia brevissima H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia caribaea R. Br.
- Sterculia ceramica R. Br.
- Sterculia chapelieri Baill.
- Sterculia chicomendesii E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia cinerea Schweinf. or A.Rich. (status unresolved)
- Sterculia cinnamomifolia Tsai & Mao
- Sterculia cochinchinensis Pierre Trôm nam in Vietnam (status unresolved)
- Sterculia colombiana Sprague
- Sterculia colorata – Scarlet sterculia (synonym of Firmiana colorata)
- Sterculia comorensis Sprague
- Sterculia corrugata Little
- Sterculia costaricana Pittier
- Sterculia curiosa (Vell.) Taroda
- Sterculia dawei Sprague
- Sterculia duckei E.L. Taylor ex J.A.C. Silva & M.F. Silva
- Sterculia euosma W.W. Sm.
- Sterculia excelsa Mart.
- Sterculia foetida L. – bastard poon tree, hazel sterculia, wild almond tree[5]
- Sterculia frondosa Rich.
- Sterculia gengmaensis H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia gilva Miq.
- Sterculia guangxiensis S.J. Xu & P.T. Li
- Sterculia guapayensis Cuatrec.
- Sterculia guianensis Sandwith
- Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex G.Don (status unresolved)
- Sterculia hainanensis Merr. and Chun
- Sterculia henryi Hemsl.
- Sterculia hymenocalyx K. Schum.
- Sterculia hypochroa Pierre – Trôm quạt in Vietnam (status unresolved)
- Sterculia impressinervis H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia kayae P.E. Berry
- Sterculia khasiana Debb.
- Sterculia killipiana Standl. ex E.L.Taylor
- Sterculia kingtungensis H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia lanceifolia Roxb.
- Sterculia lanceolata Cav. (synonym for S. tonkinensis Aug. DC.)
- Sterculia lisae E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia macerenica E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia mexicana R.Br.
- Sterculia mhoysa Engl.
- Sterculia micrantha Chun and H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia mirabilis (A. Chev.) Roberty
- Sterculia monosperma Vent. – China chestnut, seven sisters' fruit, pheng phok
- Sterculia multiovula E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia murex Hemsl. – Lowveld chestnut
- Sterculia narioensis E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia oblonga Mast.
- Sterculia ornatisepala E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia paniculata
- Sterculia parviflora Roxb.
- Sterculia pendula Ducke
- Sterculia peruviana (D.R. Simpson) E.L. Taylor ex Brako and Zarucchi
- Sterculia petensis E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia pexa Pierre
- Sterculia pinbienensis Tsai & Mao
- Sterculia principis Gagnep.
- Sterculia pruriens (Aubl.) K.Schum.
- Sterculia purpurea E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia quadrifida – Gorarbar (status unresolved)
- Sterculia quinqueloba (Garcke) K.Schum. – Five-lobed sterculia
- Sterculia rebeccae E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia recordiana Standl.
- Sterculia rhinopetala K.Schum. – Red sterculia
- Sterculia rigidifolia Ducke
- Sterculia rogersii N.E. Br. – Ulumbu tree
- Sterculia rugosa R.Br.
- Sterculia rubiginosa Vent – Bai rua long in Vietnam
- Sterculia scandens Hemsl.
- Sterculia schliebenii Mildbr.
- Sterculia setigera Delile
- Sterculia simaoensis Y.Y. Qian
- Sterculia speciosa K.Schum.
- Sterculia steyermarkii E.L. Taylor ex Mondragón
- Sterculia stigmarota Pierre (status unresolved)
- Sterculia stipulifera Ducke
- Sterculia striata A. St.-Hil. & Naudin
- Sterculia subnobilis H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia subracemosa Chun & H.H. Hsue
- Sterculia subviolacea K.Schum.
- Sterculia tavia Baill.
- Sterculia tessmannii Mildbr.
- Sterculia tonkinensis Aug. DC.
- Sterculia tantraensis
- Sterculia tragacantha Lindl.
- Sterculia urens – Gulu (synonym of Firmiana simplex)
- S. urens var. thorelii is a synonym of S. thorelii Pierre – (Bay thua Thorel in Vietnam)
- Sterculia venezuelensis Pittier
- Sterculia villifera Steud. – Broad-leaved bottle tree
- Sterculia villosa Roxb.
- Sterculia xolocotzii T. Wendt & E.L. Taylor
- Sterculia yuanjiangensis H.H. Hsue & X.J.Xu
Panama tree, S. apetala
Deprecated[edit]
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Etymology[edit]
The scientific name is taken from Sterculius of Roman mythology, who was the god of manure; this is in reference to the unpleasant aroma of the flowers of this genus (e.g. Sterculia foetida).
Ecology[edit]
Sterculia species are food plants for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the leaf miner Bucculatrix xenaula, which feeds exclusively on this genus.
Toxicity and uses[edit]
The pods, particularly those of S. foetida, contain seeds reported to be edible, with a taste similar to cocoa.[8] However, the oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids which could be carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic.[9]
Gum karaya is extracted from Sterculia species, and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in foods, as a laxative, and as a denture adhesive. In India, this is sourced from: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madras, Madhya Pradesh and Chhota Nagpur.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c "Genus: Sterculia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-06-05. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ Linnaeus C (1753) In: Species Plantarum 2: 1007.
- ^ Review of the Cenozoic floras and vegetation of Greece by Dimitrios Velitzelos, Johannes M. Bouchal and Thomas Denk - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Volume 204, May 2014, Pages 56-117
- ^ "Sterculia". The Plant List, accessed 30 June 2018
- ^ "Species Information". www.worldagroforestry.org. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13.
- ^ "Firmiana simplex". The Plant List, accessed 30 June 2018.
- ^ "GRIN Species Records of Sterculia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. United States Department of the Army. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. 2009. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ L. O. Hanus, P. Goldshlag, V. M. Dembitsky (2008). "Identification Of Cyclopropyl Fatty Acids In Walnut (Juglans Regia L.) Oil." Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2008, 152(1):41–45.
External links[edit]
Data related to Sterculia at Wikispecies
Media related to Sterculia at Wikimedia Commons- FAO: Species with edible "nuts" listed by families angiosperms (under Sterculiaceae)
