Struma (river)
| Struma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mouth | Aegean Sea, Greece 40°47′9″N 23°50′56″E / 40.78583°N 23.84889°E |
| Length | 415 km |
The Struma or Strymónas (Bulgarian Струма, pronounced [ˈstruma], Greek Στρυμόνας [striˈmonas], Turkish (Struma) Karasu 'black water') is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. Its ancient name was Strymōn (Greek: Στρυμών [stryˈmɔːn]). Its catchment area is 10,800 km². It takes its source from the Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria, runs first westward, then southward, enters Greek territory at the Kula village. In Greece it is the main waterway feeding and exiting from Lake Kerkini, a significant centre for migratory wildfowl. The river flows into the Strymonian Gulf in Aegean Sea, near Amphipolis in the Serres regional unit. The river's length is 415 km (of which 290 km in Bulgaria, making it the country's fifth longest).
The river valley is a coal-producing area of Bulgaria. The Greek portion is a valley which is dominant in agriculture, being Greece's fourth biggest valley. The tributaries include the Rila River, the Dragovishtitsa, the Blagoevgradska Bistritsa, the Konska River, the Sandanska Bistritsa and the Angitis.
History
The Ancient Greek city of Amphipolis was founded near the river's entrance to the Aegean, at the site previously known as Ennea Odoi (Nine roads). When Xerxes I of Persia crossed the river during his invasion in 480 BC he buried alive nine young boys and nine maidens as a sacrifice to the river god.[1] The forces of Alexander I of Macedon defeated the remnants of Xerxes' army near Ennea Odoi in 479 BC. In 424 BC the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing the entire Greek peninsula sieged and conquered Amphipolis. The Battle of Kleidion was fought by the river in 1014.
In 1913, the Greek Army was nearly surrounded in the Kresna Gorge of the Struma during the Second Balkan War. The Bulgarians were defeated in the war, however, and the Treaty of Bucharest resulted in significant territorial losses for Bulgaria.
The river valley was part of the Macedonian front in World War I. The ship Struma, which carried Jewish refugees out of Romania in World War II and subsequently sunk in the Black Sea, causing nearly 800 deaths, is named after the river.
Etymology
The river's name comes from Thracian Strymón, derived from IE *sru "stream",[2] akin to English stream, Old Irish sruaimm "river", Polish strumień "stream", Lithuanian straumuoe "fast stream", Greek reuma "stream", Albanian rrymë "water flow", shri "rain".
The name Strymón, was a hydronym in ancient Greek mythology, referring to a mythical Thracian king that was drowned in the river.[3] Strymón was also used as a personal name in various regions of Ancient Greece during the 3rd century B.C.[4]
Gallery
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Struma at Kresna Gorge. -
A bridge over the Struma in Bulgaria.
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Struma near the city of Blagoevgrad in winter. -
Lion of Amphipolis - Via Egnatia, west side of the Strymonas river.
Honour
- Struma Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Struma River.
Notes
- ^ Herodotus 7,114 [1]. The history may be Greek slander, though, as human sacrifice is not known as an Iranian cultic practice.
- ^ Katičic', Radislav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 144.
- ^ Grimal P. .Classical mythology. iley-Blackwell, 1990. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
- ^ Antoninus (Liberalis), Celoria Francis. The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: a translation with commentary. Routledge, 1992 ISBN 978-0-415-06896-3.
External links
Media related to Struma River at Wikimedia Commons